Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Tropical Cyclone Characteristics

Tropical Cyclone Characteristics Tropical dejections, typhoons, storms, and hurricanes are generally instances of tropical tornados - sorted out frameworks of mists and tempests that structure over warm waters and turn around a low-pressure focus. A Generic Term made out of an arrangement of rainstorms that shows a cyclonic pivot around a focal center or eye. A tropical tornado is a conventional term for a tempest with a composed arrangement of rainstorms that are not founded on a frontal framework. To get familiar with what tropical typhoons are called relying upon their breezes blow, read What TCs are called from birth to dispersal. Tropical tornados are not just called certain things here in the U.S. contingent upon how solid they are, however theyre additionally known by various names relying upon where you are in the world. In the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Pacific, tropical twisters are known as typhoons. In the Western Pacific Ocean, tropical violent winds are known as storms. In the Indian Ocean, a tropical tornado is basically called a typhoon. These names are depicted in the article - is it a tropical storm, a violent wind, or a typhoon? Must-Have Ingredients for a Tropical Cyclone Every individual tropical twister contrasts, yet a few qualities are basic to most tropical violent winds, including: A focal low-pressure zone and high wind velocities of at any rate 34 bunches. Now, the tempests are given a pre-decided tempest name. Most tempests are joined by a ton of downpour and tempest floods close to the shore. Frequently, when the tempests make landfall, the tropical violent wind can cause tornadoes. A tropical violent wind needs warm sea temperatures so as to shape. Temperatures in the sea should be at any rate 82 degrees Fahrenheit so as to frame. Warmth is drawn up from the seas making what is famously called a warmth motor. Tall convective towers of mists are framed inside the tempest as warm sea water dissipates. As the air rises higher it cools and gathers discharging idle warmth which causes considerably more mists to shape and feed the tempest. Tropical twisters can frame whenever these conditions are met, yet they are generally inclined to shape from during the warm season months (May to November in the Northern Hemisphere). Pivot and Forward Speed Like customary low-pressure frameworks, tropical typhoons in the Northern Hemisphere is counter-clockwise because of the Coriolis Effect. The inverse is valid in the Southern Hemisphere. The forward speed of a tropical typhoon can be a factor in deciding the measure of harm the tempest will cause. On the off chance that a tempest stays more than one zone for an extensive stretch of time, heavy rains, high breezes, and flooding can seriously affect a region. The normal forward speed of a tropical violent wind is subject to the scope where the tempest is as of now. For the most part, at under 30 degrees of scope, the tempests will move at around 20 mph by and large. The closer the tempest is found the equator, the more slow the development. A few tempests will even slow down out over a region for an all-encompassing timeframe. After around 35 degrees North scope, the tempests begin to get a move on. Tempests can likewise get ensnared with each other in a procedure known as the Fujiwhara Effect where tropical violent winds can associate with one another. Explicit tempest names in every one of the sea bowls differ dependent on traditional naming practices. For example, in the Atlantic Ocean, storms are given names dependent on an in order pre-decided rundown of Atlantic typhoon names. Extreme tropical storms names are regularly resigned. Altered by Tiffany Means

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Twelfth Night Literature Analysis Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Literature Analysis Essay William Shakespeares Twelfth Night is set in a territory called Illyria on the shore of Italy. The play is about a sibling and sister, Sebastian and Viola, who are isolated after a wreck, and both think different has suffocated. The play tells the story of how they were in the long run rejoined. There are a wide scope of characters in the play; going from Malvolio, Olivias steward, who is exceptionally conceited with no comical inclination to Sir Toby who is consistently out having fun and extremely just carries on with an existence of delight. A mindful character is Viola; she isn't ne to agitate others. Olivia gets a great deal of compassion since she is grieving for her sibling. Orsino has an agreeable yet pointless presence. He is rich yet sits sulking about affection throughout the day. These characters are unique and each have their issues, for example, Sir Toby might be condemned for taking a ton of Sir Andrews cash though Violas flaw is that she is excessively decent, never needing to cause anybody any mischief. This is an issue since it might hold her back from doing a something that she should. I believe that Shakespeare has given the characters shortcomings to ake them additionally intriguing and reasonable. Malvolio attempts to dazzle Olivia however it doesn't work. In spite of the fact that she regards him she doesn't support him, as he thinks, for having a great job. He is acceptable at his specific employment however ought to have a ball as opposed to suspecting himself constantly. This is one thing that makes him an unlikeable character additionally he believes himself to be better than different characters yet nobody truly loves him and he doesn't have the foggiest idea what they truly consider him. Despite the fact that he generally thinks about himself a portion of his adoration goes to Olivia. I believe that he needs to be sentimental however makes some hard memories communicating his emotions or doesn't need individuals to comprehend what hes truly like. His character doesn't generally create all through the play, and I loathed him as much toward the end as I did toward the beginning of the play. Sir Toby is an affable character since he couldn't care less what anybody considers him, on the off chance that they don't care for him, they will simply need to endure it. Individuals figure he should be a good refined man and behave however he discovers acting like every other person stodgy and claustrophobic. Sir Toby is absolutely not a model respectable man but rather when he drinks his conduct is much more dreadful. He doesn't have a great deal of cash. He may have had all the more however carrying on with an existence of joy has changed that. He is censured for carrying on with an existence of joy however at any rate, 1 not at all like some different characters, he is certifiable, he doesn't attempt to be anything he isn't, and this is one reason why Maria adores him. In spite of the fact that Sir Toby is an amiable Character his down to earth jokes do will in general get tedious as the play wears on. Olivia, Sir Tobys niece, isn't ike him by any means. She is a wealthy royal lady who is good and acts the manner in which she should. Olivia gets a great deal of compassion since she has lost her dad and her sibling, however Sir Toby doesn't feel that her lamenting is veritable. Olivia is a serious affable character however I feel that she is taking it a piece excessively far, saying she will never cherish another man again. All things considered, she appreciates the entirety of the consideration and compassion that she is getting. Viola, the sister of Sebastian, has a great deal going for her; she is insightful, careful, legitimate nd knowledgeable and ready to manage individuals superior to different characters. She is a mindful character who likes to complete things, she isnt one to simply kick back and never really let others get things done for her. Being caring is one of Violas fundamental highlights. She doesn't care to irritated or hurt individuals and she would not deride individuals or ridicule them behind their backs. She completed her orders and despite the fact that she was placed in an unbalanced position she didn't reject inspired by a paranoid fear of upsetting somebody. Some of Violas lines are he generally idyllic of the whole play and cons equently, maybe, are the ones which will be recalled the most. .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .postImageUrl , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:hover , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:visited , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:active { border:0!important; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:active , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u097e27241813 3efbb3649434773e832e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Tell Tale Heart Analysis EssayDuke Orsino doesn't appear to have a lot of character or character. He appears not to do definitely, he has a practically futile presence; he just sits about sulking about affection. He is rich and has an agreeable presence with loads of workers. He appears to be youthful and juvenile, and doesn't have a similar shrewdness or information as Viola and Sir Toby do. He isn't a monumental figure, however it is conceivable that there is a whole other world to him than meets the eye. Orsino has ried with Maria yet has not succeeded on the grounds that she is infatuated with Sir Toby. It is too difficult to even think about forming an assessment of him since he isnt a truly observable character. I feel that Viola develops with credit toward the finish of the play since her solitary issue is that she is excessively pleasant so she was unable to be censured for anything. Two characters who I thoroughly consider happen to the play gravely are Sir Toby and Malvolio. Both of these characters can be irritating now and again, and in spite of the fact that Toby may have begun well he ends up very exhausting, though Malvolio, then again, was never an affable character.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Reflective Essay free essay sample

As anxious as I was the point at which I strolled into Saint Joseph Catholic School (K-8) for my first day of kindergarten, I never figured I would have the option to leave after sixth grade and enter the universe of center school. In a little school of around 400 children, I knew about each face that passed by me in the lobby. I became acquainted with the children in my evaluation so well and we as a whole knew each other’s biographies. When I was in sixth grade at Saint Joseph, a portion of my companions were anticipating going to Kinard center school in seventh grade. Now in my life, I was not totally content with where I was going to class. The acknowledgment came to me that the time had come to proceed onward. It was the ideal opportunity for me to have a go at something new. Each individual needs a testing experience to assist them with getting more grounded. We will compose a custom article test on Intelligent Essay or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I might not have accepted this at that point, since I was so apprehensive to step outside my usual range of familiarity and become a piece of a totally different gathering of individuals. On the main day of school, it was hard for me to acknowledge the way that I would have been â€Å"the stranger in the village†. I realized I was settling on the correct choice since it would set me up for venturing foot in a considerably greater town later on, secondary school. As I strolled into Kinard on the main day, I imagined like I comprehended what I was doing as I strolled to my storage and my top of the line. Albeit nobody gazed at me like I was the main new understudy, I felt alone and disconnected on the grounds that I had never experienced anything like it. The one time during my first day that I genuinely felt like â€Å"the stranger in the village† was during lunch. I was unable to discover any of my companions from Saint Joseph and I felt like a little child that was lost from her mother in a packed shopping center. I didn't know anybody and nobody knew me. My7th grade year gave me that I can take on difficulties and figure out how to adapt to change. In spite of the fact that being in another spot with new individuals isn't the simple, it is one of the numerous difficulties of life each individual will confront. Regardless of whether it is setting off to your first year of school or moving to an alternate state, everybody encounters being â€Å"the stranger in the village† at any rate once in their life or even regularly. The experience of being â€Å"the stranger in the village† can be groundbreaking and shape who you are as an individual due to what exercises you decide to detract from it.

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Raised Poles in Haida Essay - 275 Words

Raised Poles in Haida (Essay Sample) Content: What is the artistic significance of recent poles raised by the First Nations of Haida-Gwai?This topic explains the artistic significance of totem poles raised by Haida-Gwaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s first nations. Although, the poles have been into popular culture, those recent raised poles show how important is art in sustaining the culture of different communities.Totem poles have played a huge effect to Haidaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s population and have expressed their customs and believes. Nowadays, the recent poles have been more a sign of reconnecting the inhabitants to their heritage. A heritage which was adulterated by Europeans who come in Canada.The poles are craved in red cedar. Those poles contain human and animal forms, and in most cases those figures have a story connected to it. Raising of the recent poles helps the current inhabitants reconnect with their history and thus, in respect to art, helps perpetuate the means through which the Haidan society expressed their beliefs an d customs.Also, carving and raising totem poles shows the highlight of art and his importance as a better way to connect people who share same culture and tradition, and as another way of representing the ideology and peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s affection related to heritage and tradition.The poles are more than just art. They hold history, mark events and their stories. Some of most famous monumental craved poles are mentioned: Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth.The craves of poles were valuated as highly artisans and talented persons whose work has lead to history events.[1]Once the pole was complete it would be raised to an upright position in a special ceremony. A large hole excavated and many people in the village, (sometimes even one hundred people), would assist by carrying the pole to the hole. The base of the pole was placed in the hole and then some people pulled on ropes while others pushed with long poles, until the totem was fully upright. The meaning of the images and their stori es were related to everyone attending the ceremony and the raising of the pole was followed with feasting and a potlatch.[2]End notes[1]. http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/culture/totem-poles.html[2]. /exhibits/timemach/galler07/frames/totems.htmThe craving process was never done by only one person. For instance, it was known that a master craved started to crave one side of totem while his apprentice was following him or craved the totem by his masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s instruction. So, from aside benefits of this culture, this has helped to discover new talents in art and gather them all together in one place to leave marks in peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s memories.In this way, new talents have probably ... Raised Poles in Haida Essay - 275 Words Raised Poles in Haida (Essay Sample) Content: What is the artistic significance of recent poles raised by the First Nations of Haida-Gwai?This topic explains the artistic significance of totem poles raised by Haida-Gwaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s first nations. Although, the poles have been into popular culture, those recent raised poles show how important is art in sustaining the culture of different communities.Totem poles have played a huge effect to Haidaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s population and have expressed their customs and believes. Nowadays, the recent poles have been more a sign of reconnecting the inhabitants to their heritage. A heritage which was adulterated by Europeans who come in Canada.The poles are craved in red cedar. Those poles contain human and animal forms, and in most cases those figures have a story connected to it. Raising of the recent poles helps the current inhabitants reconnect with their history and thus, in respect to art, helps perpetuate the means through which the Haidan society expressed their beliefs an d customs.Also, carving and raising totem poles shows the highlight of art and his importance as a better way to connect people who share same culture and tradition, and as another way of representing the ideology and peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s affection related to heritage and tradition.The poles are more than just art. They hold history, mark events and their stories. Some of most famous monumental craved poles are mentioned: Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth.The craves of poles were valuated as highly artisans and talented persons whose work has lead to history events.[1]Once the pole was complete it would be raised to an upright position in a special ceremony. A large hole excavated and many people in the village, (sometimes even one hundred people), would assist by carrying the pole to the hole. The base of the pole was placed in the hole and then some people pulled on ropes while others pushed with long poles, until the totem was fully upright. The meaning of the images and their stori es were related to everyone attending the ceremony and the raising of the pole was followed with feasting and a potlatch.[2]End notes[1]. http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/culture/totem-poles.html[2]. /exhibits/timemach/galler07/frames/totems.htmThe craving process was never done by only one person. For instance, it was known that a master craved started to crave one side of totem while his apprentice was following him or craved the totem by his masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s instruction. So, from aside benefits of this culture, this has helped to discover new talents in art and gather them all together in one place to leave marks in peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s memories.In this way, new talents have probably ...

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Emily s Motives Murdering Homer Mental Illness And Pride

Gulnara Aliyeva Professor S.J. Overall English 2 TuTh 6:30 P.M. Writing Project #2 â€Å"Short stories† Final Reader’s Draft 4 August 2015 Emily’s Motivations Murdering Homer: Mental Illness and Pride â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is one of the Faulkner s works which is highly read and praised by readers. One one level, it is a ghost story, as Faulkner once called it, but on another it is a portrayal of the tensions between the North and South and within the South, as the aristocracy and limitations on women began to crumble. â€Å"A Rose for Emily can be accepted as a narrative astory. The narrator, who is very familiar with the setting, Jefferson, Mississippi, tells the story of southern female protagonist Emily Grierson. The story begins with a†¦show more content†¦Not only was her great-aunt Wyatt insane, but also her father always dominated her, so her life has never been a normal young woman s life. From the narrator describing Emily s life, I can see that her mental state was always precarious. She was always under the control of her father. From the story we know Emily s father thought that none of the young men were good enough for Emily. This indicates she nev er had the chance to make her own choices. Emily has been cut off from conventional relationship for a long time. When she is a young woman, her father limits her access to young men, and after his death, she limits the townspeople s access to her private life. Living in this condition makes her dark and hidden from society. This intensifies the qualities she shares with the stereotypical southern unbalanced and excessively tragic figure. As an example of her self-imposed isolation, she refuses to pay taxes or to have a mailbox. She thus sets herself apart from society and sees herself as someone who does not have to follow the law. The extreme extension of this is taking Homer s life, which she does after learning the truth about him that he is not a marrying man. This news puts stress on Emily because Homer represented hope for her. She purchased monogrammed men s toiletries, suggesting to the townspeople that they intended to marry. Allowing the townspeople to believe that she would marry Homer took courage after

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Education Is A Better And Stronger Society - 1161 Words

Philosophy: I believe that each student is unique and special and comes to the table with different gifting and talents. As a teacher we are to tear down the walls that often divide the class and help each student see each other in a way that opens doors for communication. As teachers we are charged by God to not only teach his children but to love them the way Jesus loves us. This can be established by hammering away at the character qualities and establishing a good foundation that positive morals and values can be built upon. Education is one part of the bigger picture, which is a better and stronger society. It is important that my students are built for excellence in all they do. This is accomplished by engaging my students through the curriculum as well as getting to know them and work with them one-on-one. Meeting the needs of my students is the most crucial roll I play in the classroom. At the start of each school year, introduction activities will be vital to the success and flow the remainder of the year. In my classroom students will be comfortable with one another so that there will be meaningful discussions and activities. Talking will be routine in my classroom, along with group work. Students will be set up in a way that group work is going to be an everyday experience and this will help establish that community feel. I want to encourage all students to participate in class so that we can learn from another. The classroom with be self-governingShow MoreRelatedCarnegie Building Research Paper1421 Words   |  6 Pagesissues and education. Today, sixteen full-time staff members devote their time and energy into making communities in the City of Brotherly Love a better place in which children can grow. Internships are also offered for those who wish to learn and make an impact on a short-term basis. The agency has accomplished this by establishing many health and educational benefits for the children as well as the community. Both the Carnegie Building and PCCY represent efforts have bettered society through supportRead MorePhysical Vs. Physical Education1414 Words   |  6 Pagesdiabetes and heart problems. With such a concern and threat to our society in this country, many schools today offer physical education as part of the school curriculum. However, most schools only require students to take Physical Education once or twice throughout their middle school or high school years, and this is not a mandatory subject to take every semester and school year. Some students may have the perception that physical education is simply an extra class for them to have fun or take a breakRead MorePhysical Vs. Physical Education1448 Words   |  6 Pagesdiabetes and heart problems. With such a concern and threat to our society in this country, many schools today offer physical education as part of their curriculum. However, most schools only require students to take physical education once or twice throughout thei r middle school or high school years, and this is not a mandatory subject to take every semester and school year. Some students may have the perception that physical education is simply an extra class for them to have fun or take a break betweenRead MoreDoes Plato Believe There Can Ever Be a Just Society? Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesDoes Plato Believe There Can Ever Be A Just Society? In answering this question I first need to describe what a just society would consist of. A perfect state can only be lead under perfect conditions. Civil Society would be a better name for this state. A just state would be made up of three parts. First, a state is a structure with parts that work together like an organism. If the parts do not work well together then the whole thing breaks down. It must have virtues, voices, it can be wiseRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem that can prevented with treatment programs and education for schools where teachers and administration can learn how to detect abuse. They may not be able to tell if a child is being physically, emotionally, sexually abused, or neglected but can be instrumental in alerting authorities if they suspect mistreatment. Child abuse and neglect is commonly passed down through generations; therefore the government must fund and mandate education to prevent further reprise. After extensive researchRead MoreComparing Amish and North American Society to Determine Which Is More951 Words   |  4 PagesAmish and North American Society We can compare Amish society as seen in the movie Witness to North American society to decide which is more ideal. An ideal society is one where there is a strong sense of community among all the members. Education prepares children for life; therefore the type of education a child receives will change the society in the next generation. Although education is valued in both societies, its focus is much different. The Laws of a society reflect the values of a communityRead MoreEssay on Comparing Amish and North American Society920 Words   |  4 PagesAmish and North American Society We can compare Amish society as seen in the movie Witness to North American society to decide which is more ideal. An ideal society is one where there is a strong sense of community among all the members. Education prepares children for life; therefore the type of education a child receives will change the society in the next generation. Although education is valued in both societies, its focus is much different. The Laws of a society reflect the values of a communityRead MoreThe Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China1536 Words   |  7 Pages The â€Å"Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution† or the â€Å"Cultural Revolution† had been a failed attempt at making China a stronger country. This revolution had destroyed China’s rich history. The period from 1966 to 1969 had been terrifying years in which the Red Guards used violence to purge China of any anti- communist sources. Mao Zedong had led the violence and turmoil in China after his failed attempt at the Great Leap Forward. He relied on China’s youth to change the traditional customs and ideasRead MoreEssay Imperialism1066 Words   |  5 Pagesof life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One point of view could be that imperialism results in oppression and abuse. While this is sometimes a temporary side effect of larger nations adopting protectorates, the long term effects often cause the weaker nation to grow stronger. Even when a country feels they must rebel against their suppressor, they gain a sense of nationalism and independence, resulting in a more distinct culture than before. Why then, should a country have to withdraw from such interference?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AnotherRead MoreEducation : Equality As Told By Plato1519 Words   |  7 Pages Education: Equality as told by Plato Book V of the Republic discusses Women’s equality in regard to military capability – however, the book mentions a key point about how women are treated in today’s society and cultures. Plato writes about a dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon, who is known as Plato’s older brother. As described in the text, Glaucon is feverishly denouncing woman’s equality, as he believes their rightful place is in the

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Baking Soda Case free essay sample

Analyze the effectiveness of past RBS trade and consumer promotional events. How have the promotions impacted sales volumes, ROI? 3. compare relative merits of push vs. pull strategy for a low-involvement item in a mature market 4. what are recommendations for Regnante to achive 2008 profit target? what changes do you propose to trade and consumer promotions to make them more effective? Develop a pro forma income statement (see template in Case Exhibit 10) and be prepared to discuss and ahre your recommendations and analysis to the class. Decision to be made Anna Regnante, has been promoted to Domestic Brand Director’s position for Reliance Baking Soda. Reganante has to develop a 2008 budget Pamp;L that would result in a 105 increase in profit over 2007 estimates. Stewart Corporation Stewart Corporation had four divisions i. e. Household, Beauty, Foods and International. In 2006 the company generated $150 million in net income and $558 million in profit. Household division was responsible for $400 sales and included baking soda, laundry detergents, window cleaners and disinfectant, wipes. We will write a custom essay sample on Baking Soda Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The income statement of RBS clearly shows that a lot of income was spent on promoting the product in2006 as a result of which the product sales did not fall much in the second quarter, as compared to the first one in 2007. Marketing Mix Considerations Distribution †¢High distribution penetration Maximum distribution by one lb box and varies by channel †¢150 person sales team to manage retail and wholesale accounts †¢Sales-force incentivized by a quota system with quarterly volume quotas †¢Most compensation to salesperson came from bonuses pricing †¢Selling Prices of RBS increased 3 times in previous 5 years †¢Price increase on all product sizes in 2006-2007 †¢Price increases were due to increase in raw material cost by 11 % Advertising †¢Focused on new uses of product †¢Move to put RBS in realm of pet care, baby care, pool care outdoor care †¢ Focused on non-toxic benefits of product In 2006 too much RBS product moved in the market, so need to deplete Inventory and increase sales Consumer Promotion More aggressive in promotion in last 3 years, since 2005 2006 consumer promotion had 4 parts †¢The first event was launched in January $2 cash refund for purchase of RBS and 4 additional household brands. Advertisements were made in women’s magazine, Sunday newspaper and company website. †¢ In April set of coupons for 5 household brands was included in 6 million boxes of Brilliance Laundry detergent. In June shrink-wrapped twin pack of 1 lb boxes and a $1 cash refund inside the pack with proof of purchase of 2 1 lb boxes. †¢2 page advertising supplement launched in September in top 4 women’s magazine. Trade promotions †¢ Discount on invoices for cases ordered in promotion period. †¢ Free cases with a purchase of a minimum order. Performance discount incentives for providing verifiable merchandising and advertising support. †¢Temporary discount used to promote sales †¢ Trade promotions lasted 3 to 6 weeks. Past data about trade promotions show that lot of discount given †¢ Promotions may increase hoarding and disrupt normal buy cycle †¢ Advertising trade support much lower than that of competitors Additional Research †¢ Shows that Trade promotions have been fairly successful barring 2 occasions. †¢Trade promotions produced attractive results. †¢ Re-allocation of Trade budget not suitable Regnante’s Decision 1) Effectiveness of prior trade promotion strategies 2) Bottom line effects of price increase. 3) Changes made to marketing expenditures, advertising, consumer promotion, trade promotion, i. e. budget that would increase profit by 10%

Thursday, April 16, 2020

The Day Of The Dead Essays - Mexican Culture, Mexican Art, Halloween

The Day Of The Dead Day of the Dead Imagine yourself in a cemetery, commemorating your great-grandpa. Dia De Los Muertos (The Day of the Dead) is celebrated in Mexico on November 2nd. The Day of the Dead is one of Mexico's traditional holidays reuniting and honoring beloved ancestors, family, and friends. To begin, the historical roots of this celebration date back to the pre-Hispanic cultures of Meso-America of the indigenous people, especially the Nahua (Aztecs, Mayans, Toltecas, Tlaxcaltec, Chichimec, Tecpanec) and others native to Mexico more than 3,000 years ago. Life was seen as a dream. It was believed that only in dying, a human being was truly awake. Death was not a mysterious and fearful presence but a realistic recognizable character as much a part of life as life itself. When Christianity was introduced in the 16th century, religion and its symbols became part of the altars we now find in Mexico today. November 1st, All Saints Day, is when the spirits of the children, called los angelitos (little angels), are expected to return. Traditionally, it is a time when family members share memorable stories that would commemorate their lives together. Secondly, there are many items that people do to celebrate the Day of the Dead. On November 2, family members clean and perhaps paint the headstones, arrange flowers, and lighting candles. Mexican families construct special home altars dedicated to the spirits of their deceased loved ones. The altars range from simple to the very elaborate and are usually filled with objects that provided pleasure to the departed person in life, including favorite food and drink. Altars dedicated to the spirits of deceased children often include toys, candy and other sweets. I think that building alters for the dead is a good concept. They teach the younger generations about the past, as well as commemorate the dead. No matter what kind of a person was, everyone leaves behind a legend. Some books, for example, are biographies, praising and telling about a person in the past or present. Like a book, the alters tell the history of a person. The alters tell a ?story? of the dead individual. Alters tell the age, their likes, and many other interesting facts about the dead individual's life. I think that these alters compensate the work of an earlier generation. The altars or ofrendas as they are called, also usually contain objects made from sugar or sugar sculpture known as alfenique. These objects may be small animals, such as lambs, miniature plates of food (enchiladas with mole), small coffins, often with pop-up skeletons, and of course, the sugar skull or calavera. The skulls are made by pouring a mixture of boiling water, confectioner's sugar and lime into clay molds, which have been previously soaked in water. The calaveras are decorated with paper foil for eyes and a kind of colored icing for hair. Names can be added to the skull and Mexican children often exchange named skulls with their friends. I think that the skeleton represents the spirit still living after it has left it's flesh on this earth. The spirit of an individual lives on forever. Ofrendas often include papel picado or Mexican cut-paper. Papel picado has a long folk tradition in Mexico and the little town of San Salvador Huixcolotla, in the state of Puebla, is known for its fine cut paper. Although papel picado is used as a decoration for many festive occasions such as weddings and baptisms, papel picado with themes relating to Day of the Dead is also very popular. The Mexican papel picado is similar to origami. Although origami is folded, it too has spiritual meaning. In conclusion, I think that Dias De Los Muertos is important for the family to maintain good relationships with the dead for it is they who intercede and bring food fortune to the living. It is a time to come to terms with our mortality and become aware of cycle of life and death. The Day of the Dead is a day for honoring are beloved ones.

Friday, March 13, 2020

Free Essays on Mexican Econ

Mexican Economy By: Jose Luis Torrente Mexican Economy I. Historical, Population, Culture, Political, and Economic Information History Mexico was the site of some of the earliest and most advanced civilizations in the western hemisphere. The Mayan culture, according to archaeological research, attained its greatest development about the 6th century AD. Another group, the Toltec, established an empire in the Valley of Mexico and developed a great civilization still evidenced by the ruins of magnificent buildings and monuments. The leading tribe, the Aztec, built great cities and developed an intricate social, political, and religious organization. Their civilization was highly developed, both intellectually and artistically. The first European explorer to visit Mexican territory was Francisco Fernndez de CÃ ³rdoba, who in 1517 discovered traces of the Maya in Yucatn. In 1535, some years after the fall of the Aztec capital, the basic form of colonial government in Mexico was instituted with the appointment of the first Spa nish viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza. A distinguishing characteristic of colonial Mexico was the exploitation of the Native Americans. Although thousands of them were killed during the Spanish conquest, they continued to be the great majority of inhabitants of what was referred to as New Spain, speaking their own languages and retaining much of their native culture. Inevitably they became the laboring class. Their plight was the result of the 'encomienda' system, by which Spanish nobles, priests, and soldiers were granted not only large tracts of land but also jurisdiction over all Native American residents. A second characteristic of colonial Mexico was the position and power of the Roman Catholic church. Franciscan, Augustinian, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries entered the country with the conquistadores. The Mexican church became enormously wealthy through gifts and bequests that could be held in perpetuity. ... Free Essays on Mexican Econ Free Essays on Mexican Econ Mexican Economy By: Jose Luis Torrente Mexican Economy I. Historical, Population, Culture, Political, and Economic Information History Mexico was the site of some of the earliest and most advanced civilizations in the western hemisphere. The Mayan culture, according to archaeological research, attained its greatest development about the 6th century AD. Another group, the Toltec, established an empire in the Valley of Mexico and developed a great civilization still evidenced by the ruins of magnificent buildings and monuments. The leading tribe, the Aztec, built great cities and developed an intricate social, political, and religious organization. Their civilization was highly developed, both intellectually and artistically. The first European explorer to visit Mexican territory was Francisco Fernndez de CÃ ³rdoba, who in 1517 discovered traces of the Maya in Yucatn. In 1535, some years after the fall of the Aztec capital, the basic form of colonial government in Mexico was instituted with the appointment of the first Spa nish viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza. A distinguishing characteristic of colonial Mexico was the exploitation of the Native Americans. Although thousands of them were killed during the Spanish conquest, they continued to be the great majority of inhabitants of what was referred to as New Spain, speaking their own languages and retaining much of their native culture. Inevitably they became the laboring class. Their plight was the result of the 'encomienda' system, by which Spanish nobles, priests, and soldiers were granted not only large tracts of land but also jurisdiction over all Native American residents. A second characteristic of colonial Mexico was the position and power of the Roman Catholic church. Franciscan, Augustinian, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries entered the country with the conquistadores. The Mexican church became enormously wealthy through gifts and bequests that could be held in perpetuity. ...

Tuesday, February 25, 2020

CORPORATE FINANCE - REAL OPTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CORPORATE FINANCE - REAL OPTIONS - Essay Example The ral-options technique has been used in industries like extractors of natural resources, enrgy firms, and pharmaceuticals corporations, which have a gratr scale of uncrtainty in business investments i.e., as far as the oil-drilling industry is concrned, uncrtainties comprise issues such as what the cost of the lased/purchased land will be. How large the oil resrves would be What is the appropriate price for the lase on the resrve Questions similar to these have led to the use of the ral-options methodology as a systematic analytical tool to estimate these investments in business technology. Ral options tendr an additional valuable comparison with financial investing: "that holding a varied portfolio of stocks is lessr risky than owning only one stock". Applying this view of offsetting risk to asset/project evaluation allows for the incorporation of capital budgeting issues with physical assets on the one hand, and the integration of decision-tree analysis on the othr. Ral assets can be evaluated using available techniques developed for financial options, such as the Black and Scholes model. GENENTECH: Drug development at Genentech and othr similar companies is inhrently a "stage gate" process in which ach successive phase depends on the success of the previous phase. ach stage is similar to purchasing a call option and the entire process can be viewed as a sries of call options. At Genentech, ral options have been used in this mannr in the analysis of all drug development projects since 1995. One of the most important fatures of the ral options approach is its recognition that investment values vary ovr time and that management has the ability to trminate investments whose future value has fallen below zro. Traditional discounted cash flow methods genrally do not account for this contingent decision-making or active management and, as a result, will undrvalue flexible investments. The drug development process can be improved simply by incorporating this undrstanding into project valuation. Applied in this mannr, a ral option provides a consistent language and method to evaluate and compare all projects more effectively across the company. More recently, Genentech has begun to expand its use of ral options through development of a new entrprise-wide investment planning system. In this system, Monte Carlo simulation is used to develop the appropriate distributions for relevant costs and revenues, and the risk-neutral approach is being adopted to take advantage of financial data that alrady exist within the company. This more sophisticated approach will extend the gains that Genentech has alrady made in this ara. TEXACO: Texaco is one of a handful of major global enrgy companies. A grat part of the success of Texaco and similar firms is their ability to identify the right major capital investments, both intrnal and extrnal, and manage them appropriately. In the mid-1990s, Texaco began to recognize the critical importance of top-notch investment valuation and management. Texaco had strong analytical skills, using a variety of techniques such as DCF, Monte Carlo simu

Sunday, February 9, 2020

Collaboration Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collaboration Technologies - Essay Example Groupware minimises interference by technology while maximising interaction among several persons. Laudon and Laudon (2007, p. 287) indicates that groupware provides the required capabilities for collaborative work and communication across an enterprise of between persons and groups. It is used to write and comment on group projects, share important ideas and documents, conducting meetings electronically, tracking projects, scheduling activities and sending e-mails. WordiQ,com (2010) indicates that there are three levels of collaboration and by so doing makes collaboration technologies synonymous with groupware. The three levels of groupware which are dependent on the level of collaboration are communication tools, conferencing tools and collaborative management tools. Electronic communication tools transmit messages, files, data and documents between persons in order to facilitate information sharing. These tools include: email, web publishing and voice mail. Electronic conferencing tools facilitate interaction between persons in the transmission of information. These tools include video conferencing systems, voice conferencing, video conferencing, discussion forums, chat rooms and electronic meeting systems. Collaborative management tools both facilitate as well as manage group activities. They include project management systems workflow systems, electronic calendars and knowledge management systems.

Thursday, January 30, 2020

A Flavorful Vegetarian Experience Essay Example for Free

A Flavorful Vegetarian Experience Essay Consuming a full-on vegetarian meal might not sound appetizing for some of us meat-lovers, but a visit to this all vegetarian restaurant might change your outlook on healthy, humane choices of eating. This essay is based on a restaurant called â€Å"Udupi Palace†. It is indeed an Indian cuisine that serves strictly vegetarian dishes and is located in San Francisco. They serve a wide variety of dishes ranging from curries, soups, rice plates, appetizers and a handful of different desserts at affordable prices. It might seem sketchy at first to attempt to enjoy a meal at an all vegan restaurant, but if you keep an open mind and give it a chance, you might find that it is just as delicious as any meat entrees, anywhere. If you are looking to broaden your horizon to vegan food choices, this particular restaurant should be at the top of your checklist. The overall look of the restaurant is quite clean and crisp and the dà ©cor is plain yet tasteful. As you are walking in, you can smell the delicious aroma of different spices. Each table is decorated with a vase of flowers which makes the restaurant feel a bit more than just your casual, every day joint. There are a number of tasteful paintings on the wall which is interesting, and it gives the restaurant a more vibrant and polished feel. As for the surroundings, there is a variety of different genre of music playing in the background; it is faint, but clear. Although the overall look and feel of the atmosphere is pleasant and uplifting, the environment is not appropriate if you are looking to enjoy a quiet evening, but the sounds of the restaurant are yet bearable. The service is impeccable, thus your experience will be wonderful. The menu can be a bit overwhelming if you don’t have much knowledge about Indian food, but that won’t be a problem since the servers are tremendously helpful and informative. As for my experience, my server came with a warming, welcoming smile on his face and answered all the questions that were asked about the dis hes on the menu with much patience. The servers are attentive and extremely accommodating so expect your water glass to be filled frequently with water that tastes of citrus, in which shows they take time and effort to satisfy their customers. The food is served on a metal platter and plates which give an authentic Indian cuisine feel, as opposed to regular tableware I see in a lot of other Indian restaurants. A dish I would recommend is the Rava Masala Dosa; it is served with an array of different chutneys (dips). If you don’t know what Rava Masala Dosa is, it is basically a crepe stuffed with potatoes, onions and spices. It is crispy on the outside and warm and savory on the inside with just the right amount of spiciness and tartness. I would also recommend the Special Vegetable Curry which is made of fresh vegetables cooked in spicy curry sauce and coconut sauce. It has a distinctive taste, but is quite exquisite in my opinion. The taste of coconut is not too overpowering like other coconut based curry dishes form other places. The quality, presentation, and the taste of the food are a well-deserved five stars. In this economy, paying a high price for lunch or dinner is much hesitated but at â€Å"Udupi Palace† that won’t be a problem. Because of their affordable prices, you won’t have to give up quality for affordability. If you are looking to stretch your dollar, â€Å"Udupi Place† is the right place to go to because the portions are generous and in addition to that, the average price of the dishes is at a low cost under $10. Vegetarian food is a healthier, and a humane choice of eating. Studies show that vegetarians are much healthier and live longer due to the decrease in intake of toxins and drugs ingested by farm animals. It is better for your body because it lowers your cholesterol intake, thus reduces the risk for heart diseases such as heart attack or stroke due to excessive meat. It is also better for the environment because meat production is very resource consuming and also inhumane. This restaurant demonstrates that eating humane is possible without giving up flavor and succulence you get from eating meat. The food, the service and the price is impeccable. If you have doubts on whether you would enjoy a vegetarian meal, giving this vegan restaurant a try will make all your doubts go away. I would recommend this place to everybody, not just to the vegetarians, but also the folks that love to eat meat. I encourage the people that are hesitant about trying vegan food to give this place a chance. It might change your outlook on the possibility of going vegan or at least cutting down on meat. I would say, after giving this restaurant a try myself, I feel it is more possible for myself to convert to becoming a vegetarian.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

The Struggle of Women Trying to be Equal to Men Essay -- Feminism Femi

The Struggle of Women Trying to be Equal to Men Throughout many decades women have been struggling to be equal to men, both at home and in the work place. Women have come a long way and are certainly fighting to gain that equality, but gender roles are very important in our society. They have become important in life from birth, and society continues to push these gender roles. The treatment of the male gender is very different from that of the female, and this issue has become very important to me, as a woman. As children we learn and adapt to specific gender roles, and as we grow they become more evident and more important to our role in a society. There is a lot of discrimination against the female gender. Carol Gilligan argued that women are more likely to make decisions based on responsibility and norms of caring, where as men are likely to apply principles of justice to their decisions .Because of this discrimination, social mobility has been difficult, but is definitely changing to benefit women and is definitely something I would like to see changed. Women of the later 20th century are fighting more to end the discrimination, and a lot has improved. But women are still looked down upon in society, and men still have the power. I believe that this issue is important, not only to myself, but to everyone. It is an issue that effects everyone, and people have to realize that women are stronger, smarter and involved with the world much more than they were a half a cen...

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Nuclear Arms Race

UNIT 9 ARMS RACE AND THE NUCLEAR THREAT Structure Objectives Introduction Background to the Nuclear Arms Race 9. 2. 1 9. 2. 2 9. 2. 3 The Beginning : Birth of the Nuclear Arms Race The Manhatten Project Rationale for the Arms Race in the Post War Period The Nuclear Arms Race : How it is different from all the Previous Arms Races in History 9. 3. 1 9. 3. 2. 9. 3. 3. The Trinity Test Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings ‘New York Times' and the Trinity Test Different Phases of the Nuclear Arms Race in the Post-War Period 9. 4. 1 9. 4. 2 9. 4. 3 9. 4. 4 9. 4. 5 9. 4. 6 9. 4. 7 9. 4. 8 Fear of the Soviets and Communism 945 to 1953 : Period of US Monopoly 1957 to 1968 : Period of ‘Missile Crisis' and the ICBM Race 1968 to late 1970s : Period of MIRV and ICBM Race 1981 : Reagan's Strategic Modernization Plan 1983 : Militarization of Space-Reagan's Star War Programme 1984-1991 : Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev Era and the last days of collapsing Soviet Union. 1991 to 1997 : Nuclea r Arms Race after the Collapse of Soviet Union Nuclear Arms Race in the Third World and South Asia 9. 5. 1 9. 5. 2 95. 3 9. 5. 4 Acquisition of Nuclear Capability by China and start of Arms Race in South Asia India, Pakistan and the Nuclear Arms Race Domino Theory' in South Asia General Complexion of Arms Race in South Asia Let Us Sum Up Key Words Some Useful Books Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 9. 0 OBJECTIVES This unit deals with Arms Race and the Nuclear Threat in the present day world. After studying this unit, you will be in a position to: understand the background to the nuclear arms race; explain how the nuclear arms race is different from all the previous arms races; discuss the different phases of the nuclear arms race in the post-war period; and emarnine the nuclear arms race in the Third World and especially in South Asia. . 1 INTRODUCTION This unit on ‘Arms Race and Nuclear Threat' is part of Block 3 which deals with what is called the ‘Cold War Per iod'; i. e. , after the Second World War and the emergence of what is termed as Superpower Dominance. In Unit &'World War 11: Causes and Consequences (Emergence of Super Powers)' you have read about how the USA and the USSR emerged as Superpowers in international politics after the end of the Second World War.In Unit 7 : ‘Cold War: Meaning, Patterns and Dimensions', you have learnt how the collapse of Germany and its allies in 1945 led to the emergence of what has been termed as ‘Cold War' between the-two main powers of the post-1945 international order * i. e. USA and USSR. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) which was dealt with in Unit 8 of this block was a consequence of the cold war power bloc politics. One thing common to the post-1945 international order as well as the pre-1945 world was the arms race. When studying about World War I and 11, you would have surely read about the arms race which was both quantitative and qualitative in character.It would also have been n oticed that the arms race in its qualitative dimension in both the world wars was itself one of the greatest causes of the two wars. From the invention of dynamite by Sir Alfred Nobel of the Novel Industries in the First World War period, to the invention of rockets by Germany in the Second World War, it is the search for the ultimate weapon which could win all wars that constituted the greatest push for the arms race. In this madness scientists, nations, people, soldiers, politicians all fell prey and ended up only killing greater and greater number of civilians.In the present unit, we will concentrate on the arms race in the post-1945 international order. As has been stated before, this quest for a qualitatively more destructive weapon was the greatest motivating factor in bringing the world a step closer to war, be it the First or the Second World War. The key difference in the arms race before 1945 (i. e. in the interwar period) and after 1945 was the nuclear dimension. Prior to 1945, all the arms races in human history never confronted what is now popularly known as the ‘Nuclear Threat'.After 1945, the arms race that humanity got engaged in became the greatest living threat to life itself as known on this planet. The difference lies in one single qualitative step in the arms race, and that step was the creation of the Atomic or Nuclear bomb in 1945. Thus, from 1945 the arms race we discuss in this Unit, remained no longer ‘conventional' but acquired a nuclear character and from then till today, man is engaged in an arms race that puts both parties who engage in it, under a perpetual ‘Nuclear Threat'. 9. B ACKGROUNDTOTHENUCLEARARMSRACE 9. 2. 1 The Beginning : Birth of the Nuclear Arms Race The nuclear arms race between the superpowers began initially in the pre-second world war period between the Germans and the Allied Powers. It was in the context of this conflict prior to the Second World War that in 1938, at the Kaiser William Institut e in Germany, Otto Hann and Dr. Fritz Steersman first split the atom. Lise Meitner and Otto Hann later declared this successful splitting of the atom amounting to a nuclear fission.It was a matter of coincidence that at this juncture in history, the greatest minds working on the ‘atomic problem' were Jews and that too, German. Hitler's rapid anti-Semitism during the period sent most of these great minds in Germany rushing to the USA where they were welcomed. These fleeing scientists informed the American military who were closely monitoring events in Europe. There was widespread apprehension that Germany might be the first to produce the nuclear bomb as the knowledge of splitting the atom was already available to it.Albert Einstein too was one of the refugees and he knew fully the significance of this discovery, for it was he who first unlocked the secret power of the atom to the modern world. He warned the President of the United States about it. 9. 2. 2 The Manhatten Project T he Americans under President Roosevelt were fully aware of the international implications and so began the race to build the bomb first. Roosevelt commissioned what was the top secret ‘Man Hatten Project', the biggest scientific effort ever made costing 2 billion dollars under Maj. Gen.Leslie Groves to construct the atomic bomb in a record time. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Herbert York, Edward Teller, Hans Beth and a host of other scientific luminaries were involved in the production of the first three nuclear bombs. The interesting aspect of this bomb construction was that though the initial enemy was Germany, slowly the real enemy for whom the bomb was constructed turned out to be the Soviet Union. In fact, Gen. Leslie Groves stated that he had no illusions that Soviets were the real enemy. -This fact is critical to an understanding of the post 1945 world.Arms Race and Nuclear Threat 1 Cold War Period 9. 2. 3 Rationale for the Arms Race in the Post War Period German y, the first nation with whom the US engaged in the N-Arms race surrendered in May 1945 and all its nuclear facilities were destroyed, thus ending the first phase of an incipient nuclear arms race. Despite this the arms race had to continue once the weapons had been built. A new enemy across the horizon was discovered Communist Soviet Union. The fear of communism was ideologically fueling the furious pace of the A-Bomb construction. In that sense the emerging U. S. ilitary-industrial complex was not wrong. Communist USSR was definitely the biggest power confronting USA and its western allies once Germany collapsed. The world was definitely getting divided into two camps, the capitalist and the socialist and Europe including Germany was its first victims. The Allies could not do anything about it. Something had to be found, a new ultimate weapon which could stop and possibly destroy the march of communism. That something designed initially for fascist Germany and used for experimenta tion in Japan was to be probably used later against the Socialist Soviet union.This was the underlying ideological war cry in the American establishment and the subtle reason for continuing the arms race into the post-Second World War world era. The discovery of the split atom gave confidence to the United States that it could fight the ‘cold war' or ‘iron-curtain' that Winston Churchill said had descended over Europe. It was an indication that the new war after 1945 would be fought against the USSR. Check Your Progress 1 Note : i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) C heck your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1)Examine the background to the nuclear arms race. 2) What are the rationale for the arms race in the post-war period? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ s 9. 3 THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE : HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM ALL PREVIOUS ARMS RACES IN HISTORY 9. 3. 1 The ‘Ikinity Test Of the three bombs constructed, the first was tested on July 16, 1945 at Alamagordo, New Mexico. It is known as the Trinity Test. The successful Trinity Test heralded the birth of the Nuclear-Bomb in human history and the dawn of the nuclear age.Neils Bohr, the famous Danish Physicist, prophetically observed the insetting arms race and its qualitative difference. In a letter to Resident Roosevelt on 3 July 1944 he mentioned that a weapon of unparalleled power was being created which would completely change all future conditions of warfare. Some scientists anticipating the arms race between the US and the USSR urged the American Government to share the nuclear secrets with Soviet Union and thus prevent an arms race. However, it is obvious that the scientists were too naive of the game of politics as well as the intensity of international politics.Such advice was never heard, and the race was continued in the hope of victory. To the military desperately looking for a way to deal with the Germans, the Japanese qnd finally the Soviets, the Trinity Test held out hope that they could win. 9. 3. 2 Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings Two more historical events, however, finally sealed the destiny of mankind. They were the dropping of the two remaining untested nuclear devices, i. e. , the 5 ton uranium bomb on Hiroshima on August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8, 1945.Over 250,000 people died in both the cities and the ‘living corpses' who survived bled incessantly and were blackened with their skins hanging in shreds, their hair scorched to the roots. Most were totally naked, their clothes burnt from their bodies. George Bernard Shaw observed in ‘Man and Superman' about the art of killing that man, â€Å"out does nature herself †¦ when he goes out to slay, he carries a marvel of mechanism that lets loose at the touch of his finger all the hidden molecular energies and leaves the javelin, the arrow and blow pipe of his fathers far behind†. Hiroshima and Nagasaki exemplified that. . 3. 3 ‘New York Times' and the ‘Ikinity Test It would be easier to comprehend the qualitative significance of nuclear arms race if we take note of two observations made at the time of the Trinity Test. The ‘New York Times' reporter who witnessed the test observed â€Å"†¦ a light not of this world, the light of many suns in one. It was a surprise such as the world had never seen, a great green super can climbing in a fraction of a second to a height of more than 8,000 ft, rising even higher until it touched the clouds, lighting earth and sky all round with a dazzling {uminosity.Up it went, a great ball ,of fire about a mile in diameter, changing colours, as it kept shooting upward, from d eep purple to orange, expanding, growing bigger, rising as it was expanding, an elemental force freed from its bonds after being chained for billions of years. For a fleeting instant the colour was unearthly green, such as one only sees in the corona of the sun during a total eclipse. It was as though one had been privileged to witness the birth of the world to be present at the moment of creation when the Lord said: â€Å"Let There Be Light†.Robert Oppenheimer perhaps summarized in one line the destiny of modern man's predicament vis-a-vis his own creation, when he quoted the Gita to exclaim â€Å"I have become death, destroyer of worlds†. The roar created by the explosion at Alamagordo could be heard 50 miles afar and the pillar of fire that the New York Times reporter talked about rose 6 miles into the sky. These observations of the Trinity Test and the dropping of the bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki sum up why the arms race mankind got caught in after 1945 is totall y different in its complexion from all the previous arms races in human history.The sad part, however, for any idealist scholar of international relations is that despite these evidences of destruction, the arms race continued with greater vigour and vengeance. Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period Check Your Progress 2 Note : i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answer given at the end of the unit. 1) What is the Trinity Test? 9. 4 DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD 9. 4. 1 Fear of the Soviets and CommunismIt was the Trinity Test on July 16, 1945 that truly sparked off the nuclear arms race between the US and the Soviet Union. Despite the horror of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the race never stopped. ‘The second fact that fuelled the nuclear arms race was the Soviet Communist enemy. This was, in fact, testified to by Gen. Leslie Groves who said he had no illusions as to whom the bomb was really bein g built for, i. e. , the Soviets. The ideological, political and military threat to capitalism by rising communism had to be dealt with. The discovery of the nuclear bomb was truly the biggest boost to the arms race.United Kingdom followed US-Soviet acquisition of the bomb in 1952, France in 1960 and China in 1964. The nuclear arms race passed through the following phases, they cannot be clearly distinguished from each other. 9. 4. 2 1945 to 1953: Period of US Monopoly During this period, the United States first enjoyed a total monopoly until 1953 and then, nuclear superiority. In this phase, the US territory was regarded as a sanctuary because the Soviets did not have any reciprocal delivery capability to reach the American targets from USSR.The United States, on the other hand, could attack the Soviet targets from American bases in Western Europe. 9. 4. 3 1957 to 1968 : Period of ‘Missile Crisis' and the ICBM Race T he monopoly enjoyed the US during the first phase was broke n when the Soviets successfully tested the ICBM in 1957 creating what has been called the ‘Missile Crisis' in America. The advent of ICBMs shifted the focus of the nuclear arms race to strategic weapons; i. e. Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), Sea Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) and strategic or inter-continental bombers which provided the strategic tripod.In 1967, USSR tested what is called a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System. This accelerated the qualitative dimension of the nuclear arms race further into space. 9. 4. 4 1968 to Late 1970's : Period of MIRV and ICBM Race T he third phase in the nuclear arms race began when the American delivery technology took a gigantic leap by introducitfg what is called the Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capability in their ICBMs in 1968.This meant that now one single l CBM could carry many small nuclear warhead fitted missiles which on reentering Soviet airspace would go in different directio ns hitting many targets. MIRV marked a tremendous exponential upgradation of the arms race. This sent shivers down the Soviets who, however, mastered the technology by 1974. During this phase, the Soviets deployed two other weapon systems. First, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system in 1968 and second, the first Anti-Satellite (ASAT) missile and warhead, thus ensuring that the arms race went on.Check Your Progress 3 Note : i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1) Briefly examine the period of US Monopoly in the Arms Race. . 2) Describe the efforts made by the erstwhile Soviet Union to break the US Monopoly in armaments. 9. 4. 5 1981 : Regan's Strategic Modernization Plan The next major technological tussle took place between the two Superpowers over the MX-Missile. On October 2, 1981 President Regan announced a strategic modernization plan at an estimated cost of $ 160 billion.The weapons systems planned included : (i) Missile Experimental or MX missle : 100 of these were to be built; (ii) B-IB Bombers : 100 of them to be built; (iii) STEALTH Bombers that are radar resistant by 1990s; (iv) TRIDENT-I1 D-5 missiles-one per year between 1983 and 1987; (v) Command Control and Intelligence system (C,I) to be modernized; (vi) NAVSTAR Satellite global positioning system; (vii) Encapsulated dormant missiles; (viii) TERCOM for precision guided cruise missile; an advanced communication system; (ix) Global Positioning System (GPS) for guidance of the ICBMs during the boost phase; (x) Route encrypted comunications to missiles or launchers; (xi) slackwire buoys radio reception by submarines; (xii) Fuel-Cell propulsion. 9. 4. 6 1983: Militarization of Space-Reagan's Star Wars ProgrammeThe militarization of space began from 1958 and since then, over 2219 satellites-military and civilian have been launched by t'he superpowers and other nations, and 75% of the satellites launched have been f or surveillance and military use, thus clearly violating the Space Treaty of 1967. On March 23, 1983 President Reagan announced the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) popularly called ‘Star Wars' Programme costing 1 trillion dollars to raise the militarization of space to a qunlitatively rlcr; high. The aim being to build both a ground based and space based Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) to protect US territory against Soviet strategic missile attacks.Theoretically, the SDI programme, was supposed to be an alternative to the Mutual Assured Destruction or MAD dogma as it would provide Mutual Assured Survival. It was thought the render nuclear weapons obsolete be relying on three new types of nonnuclear weapon systems. These were : Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period i) Kinetic Energy Weapons ii) Directed Energy Weapons and iii) Microwave Energy Weapons All these weapons were based on various types of chemicals, electromaphetic forces. and x-rays and lasers. The SDI pr ogramme did not take off for many reasons. They being: a) It was too expensive. b) It was not a sure technological venture, in the sense that it was far too complicated and thus not feasible. C) T he Soviets could easily render SDI ineffective by building a counter SDI. ) Reagan never consulted his European NATO allies and infact, surprised them by his announcement thus creating opposition to the programme in Europe. e) Reagan by signing the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) completely ended the political rationale of the SDI programme. f) In the USA itself, in the Congress and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, both the Republicans and the Democrats were of the opinion that they would not allow SDI to pass at any cost and thus, damage the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972. Thus, they rejected SDI as otherwise it would have meant that the ABM Treaty alongwith SALT I and I1 would be nullified.Same would be the fate of START negotiations thus destroying the whole edifice of arms control and the start of an unbridled nuclear arms race. Added to this, many important scientists in USA, important people like James Schlesinger, former Secretary of Defense Mc-George Bundy, cold warriors likc George F. Kennan and Robert McNamara, former Secretary of Defence Harold Brown and a host of other people opposed the very fundamental logic of SDI that it would make the world safe of USA by removing the stability provided by the MAD capability of both the superpowers. Later on, the sweeping changes initiated by Michael Gorbachev within the USSR vide ‘Glassnost' and ‘Perestroika' and allowing democracy in Eastern Europe ended the whole logic of SDI. Check Your Progress 4 Note : i)Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1) What were the main cornponcnts of US President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Modernisation Plan? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 ) What were the reasons for the criticism of Regan's S DI P r o g r a ~ r i ; ~ , ~ ! 9. 4. 7 1984-1991: Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev Era and the Last Days of Collapsing Soviet UnionBy January 1985, due to the damage already done by SDI of Ronald Reagan, massive rearmament programmes were on the both the sides, and the future direction of the arms race was dependent upon the two superpowers. The arms race was on at three levels of nuclear weaponary, i. e. ,-space weapons, intercontinental weapons, and intermediate nuclear weapons. The US position on militarization of space through SDI really put the arms negotiation in difficult state. The Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko said, â€Å"If there were no advancement on the issues of outer space, it would be superfluous to discuss the possibility of reducing strategic armaments. † The US in 1984 had a massive programme for rearmament of many types of weapon systems.The rearmament programme of USA consisted of more Sea Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs); about 800 more nuclear warheads to be fitted on sea and air delivery systems; MX missile testing; Midgetsman Missiles; the eighth Trident submarine fitted with more accurate SLBMs and 100 B -lB bombs. On the Soviet side, in 1984-1985 the rearmament meant rearmament of all Soviet SS-17s SS-18s and SS-19s into the MIRV ed mode, a new TYPHOON class submarine and testing a new type of more accurate SLBM. There was a reported attempt to make 40% of Soviet ICBMs on the movable mode instead of the existing 25% and all 243 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs) were to be deployed. All in all, 1984-85 was a period of massive rearmament of all weapon systems.In 1985-86, the picture as regards arms race was the same. There was no restraint. The only hope that some kind of arms control was possible was generated by the November 1985 summit meeting at Geneva between President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev where both in a joint statement stated that, â€Å"The sides †¦. have agreed that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. † They also agreed to hold summit level meetings in 1987 and 1988. These words were an indirect admission by USA that the SDI was not workable. In other words, it recognised as unfeasible that the MAD doctrine could be replaced and a limited nuclear war waged by militarizi ng space was recognised as unfeasible.Apart from this, there was little progress in the talks on arms reduction in Europe. As regards the nuclear arms race in 1986-87, the situation was still more or less the same except that there was a little movement towards arms control. The US put its first MX ICBM and B-1B bomber on operational position and on a 24 hour alert. Deployment of Pershing I1 missiles and SS-20s continued in Europe. However, certain positive developments took place which definitely halted the arms race in the long run. First, the 27th CPSU Congress in February 1986 decided on Perestroika (Restructuring of Economy), Glasnost ( Openness and Democratization) and reversal of military confi. ontation in Europe and opening up of Eastern Europe.Second, the Raykiajavik summit on 11 and 12 October 1986 declared that a nuclear war could never be won and should never be fougkt. Third, within the USA a tattered Reagan's economy and the Senate's opposition to SDI hit US arms race plans. Fourth, there were differences between USA and its NATO Allies who were never consulted on SDI. Thus, though the arms race went on in 1986-87 it was definitely going to end soon. As regards 1987-88, on December 8, 1987 the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was signed for the elimination of all intermediate and short range missiles. The agreement required the USA and USSR remove 2695 intermediate range GLBMs with a range of 1 000 to 5500 kms. It also envisaged the removal of GLBMs short range i. e. , 5 00 to 1000 kms.USSR agreed to remove 1836 missiles while USA removed 867 missiles. The INF Treaty saved the ABM Treaty from being neutralised by SDI, because with this treaty the rationale for SDI became even weaker and Reagan found it very difficult to push the matter in the Congress as well as with US public. In this sense, it saved the world from another dangerous dimension of arms race i. e. , the space opening UP. 1988-89 was another significant year as it too had something to show in terms of peace. Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period 1988-83 can be characterised as the year of settlement of disputes in Afghanistan, Namibia, Iran-Iraq War, Israel-PLO and South Africa.It was also the year Gorbachev announced at the UN, unilateral reduction of Soviet troops and armaments in Europe amounting to 40% reduction of Soviet tank divisions and 50% of Soviet tanks deployed in GDR, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. This was a very significant political and military move as regards the continuation of conventional and nuclear arms race in Europe. 1989-90 can be characterized as the Year of Europe. By the end of 1989, almost all Soviet Allies in Eastern Europe and Central Europe except Rumania and Albania were free. In August 1989, the first non-communist government got elected in Poland. By November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall had crashed.Elections also took place in Hungary, GDR and Czechoslovakia. On 29 December 1989 Vaclav Havel took over as the President of Czechoslovakia. At the Malta summit in December 1989, President Gorbachev showed readiness to regulate further and move ahead on the START process. Gewge Bush, the US President, hesitated a bit though he committed US towards a Chemical Weapon Ban and the required agreement in the future. 1990 was a year full of events. While Europe and the two superpowers were moving towards peace the Gulf was in flames with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990. Apart from this, in 1990, the WARSAW Pact was dissolved on 3rd March.On June 1, 1990, US and USSR signed a treaty on the destruction of and non-production of chemical weapons and on multilateral measures to ban chemical weapons. It was decided that by 31 December, 1992, all chemical weapons in the world would be destroyed and' only 5000 tons of agents would be kept. Then, the membership of the Missiles Technology Control Regime (MTCR) expanded. On November 20, 1990 there was the Treaty and a Joint Declaration of Conv entional Armed Forces (CFF) forever reducing the nuclear threat in Europe. Check Your Progress 5 Note : i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of the unit. 1) What were the salient features of the Nuclear Arms Race in the Gorbachev era? 9. 4. 1991 to 97 : Nuclear Arms Race after the Collapse of Soviet Union 1991-92 was a historic year in the sense that due to the collapse of USSR, the enemy that fueled the arms race for US militarists broke up into 14 new states. Yugoslavia also broke up and in one stroke the enemy in so far as the US was concerned was gone and so, the whole political ideologic'al basis of the nuclear arms race. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2nd August 1990 led to the launch of US and Allied coalition attack under UN auspices against Iraq on 17th January, 1991. It ended on 28th February, 1991 with the complete defeat of Iraq. Arms trade as a result showed a down-ward trend.In 1991 the total valu e of global arms trade touched $ 22, 114 million. This . was 20% less than in 1990. I In 1992-93 USA, the Russian Federation, France, and Britain all agreed to halt the nuclear arms race totally except vis-a-vis R & D. At the regional level, there was further concretization of Europe's complete demilitarization by the signing of the Helsinkl Document by all Eastern and West European countries. Added to this, there was the world summit on environment at Rio and UN Secretary General's declaration of the ‘Agenda for Peace'. The peripd between 1993 and 1997 saw two other significant events taking place i n~the nuclear arms race.First, in 1995 the NPT review Conference took place for an indefinite extension of the treaty and on 24th September 1996, the Comprehensive Test Ban Traty (CTBT) was up for signature. US and the other nuclear weapons states and 60 other non-nuclear states signed the CTBT. India did not sign either the NPT or CTBT. The government argued that it did so to kee p the nuclear weapons option open. This position taken by India brings us to the question of nuclear arms race in the Third World, dealt with in the following section. .; Check Your Progress 6 L Note : i) Use the space given below for your answer. ii) Check your answer with the model answer given at the end of the unit. I) Examine the nuclear arms race after the collapse of the USSR. 9. 5 NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN THE THIRD WORLD AND SOUTH ASIA r rT he nuclear arms race that went on in the First World throughout the Cold War definitely had its impact on the Third World. The quest of the German Bomb fueled the American ‘Manhattan Project' initially, and as the Second World War came to a close it was the Soviet ideological and military power manifest in the occupation of Eastern Europe that really put Americans firmly on the track of nuclear bomb making. However, at that time the Allies needed the Soviet Communists to destroy fascist Germany, Italy and Japan. Stalin's intelligence ag encies were well aware of the secret American nuclear programme and at Postdam, his suspicions were confirmed when President Roosevelt informed Stalin of a secret weapon.This knowledge fueled the Soviet desire to build the bomb at a feverish pace to counter the threat form c aptalist west. The bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, though not really necessary were also a veiled threat to Soviets of the American resolve. These events in a way led to the nuclear arms race. After 1949, when Communist China emerged under Mao, it is believed that the Chinese through Soviet help (prior to Sino-Soviet split) too got the nuclear capability and tested in 1964. China was considered a Third World state and one can see how the ideological and political nature of nations deeply affected their decision to develop a nuclear capability.Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War Period 9. 5. 1 Acquisition of Nuclear Capability by China and start of Arms Race in South Asia Thus, the acquisition of nuclear cap ability of China in 1964 signalled the beginning of a nuclear arms race in South Asia. The Indo-Pak conflict was not actually the factor responsible for India's quest for nuclear capability as many scholars claims, though it came in much later. The Kashmir conflict and partition and the three subsequent wars in 1948, 1965 and 1971 did fuel the conventional arms race. 9. 5. 2 India, Pakistan and the Nuclear Arms Race The nuclew arms race in South Asia however was not of India's making.It rather came after the massive defeat India suffered at Chinese hands in 1962, which hit our whole defense and foreign policy. This followed by the news of Chinese exploding the nuclear device in 1964 shook the Indian political and military establishment and they decided to develop India's nuclear capability. The decision was also influenced, perhaps, by the Chinese collusion with Pakistan in the 1950s prior to the 1962 war. It brought home to the Indian strategists the real possibility of Chinese and Pakistanis joining hands against India. After 1962, there was thus no looking back and the nuclear arms race reached South Asia. When India conducted the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) in 1974, the Pakistanis too decided to go for a nuclear programme.The onset of the Second Cold War with the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan 1979 put Pakistan on the high priority zone of US in its fight against communism. It signalled deeper military cooperation and aid to Pakistan and some say, the beginning of some help even in fledgling Pakistan nuclear weapons programme. As of now, the South Asian region, is definitely a zone of nuclear competition with India consciously ‘keeping its option open' and not exercising its capability. This is expressed in its refusal to sign both the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty in the 1995 Review Conference ahd the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 24th September, 1996. . 5. 3 ‘Domino Theory' in South Asia The South Asian case amply demonstrates t he ‘Domino Theory' which fuels nuclear arms race or any arms race. First, it was the German threat to Europe which made the US go for the bomb. Then, the Soviet threat made US go in for the bomb again. The bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki led Soviets to acquiring the bomb. The common threat to world communism led to Soviets helping the new communist state of China in 1949 with nuclear technology which helped China to conduct a nuclear test in 1964. The Soviets, however, had refused to give nuclear weapon design to China, which became the cause of Sino-Soviet rift.The Indian defeat in 1962 and Pakistan's collusion with the Chines led the Indians to develop the nuclear capability by 1974. The Indian explosion coupled with successive defeats in wars with India led the Pakistanis onto the bomb. The cases of other third world countries acquiring the bomb in similar; e. g. the Iraqi and Iranian nuclear programmes. The South African case too is due to perceived survival threats. Th e other nuclear capable states are Argentina and Brazil-two major States in, Latin America. 9. 5. 4 General Complexion of Arms Race in South Asia Overall one can say that the third world nuclear arms race is definitely a product of the nuclear arms race in the first world and the many conflicts within the Third World sustain it.The cold war military alliance system helped this process. Now, after the collapse of s oviet Union and the massive reduction prior to it and after it in Western nuclear arsenals, nuclear peace has been brought to the world in the sense that we aren't always ‘living on the edge' of a nuclear holocaust. However, the non-resolution of conflicts in the Third World, e. g. Indo-Pak conflicts, Arab-Israeli conflict is a definite reason for the continuance of nuclear arms race in the Third World. – — – Check Your Progress 7 Note : i) F t Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the e nd of the w it. ) What are the factor propelling the arms race in South Asia? 2 ) Briefly comment on India's stand on the nuclear proliferation issue. 9. 6 LET US SUM UP We can conclude this unit by recalling a few pertinent points. Thus: i) The discovery of the. power of the ‘atom' in both its creative and destructive senses was possibly the greatest event in 20th century history. The creation and blasting of the nuclear bomb by the US demonstrated its power with telling effect. ii) The ideological conflict between capitalist West and socialist East was the single biggest factor instigating the nuclear arm race until the collapse of one side i. e. , of the USSR in 1991. iii)However, despite the demise of Socialist Soviet Union nuclear weapons still remain the basis for military power and their quest continues by many third world countries e. g. India, Pakistan, South Africa, Israel, Iran, Iraq and North Korea. iv) The nuclear threat to humanity remains even today and there is very little hope of complete disarmament. The only possible way is probably to reduce the number of warheads and number of nations acquiring this technology for settling their disputes. KEY WORDS ABM-Anti-Ballistic Missile System : It is a weapon system designed to defend against a ballistic attack by intercepting and destroying ballistic missiles and their warheads in flight. Arms Race and Nuclear Threat Cold War PeriodBMD-Ballistic Missile Defense : Systems capable of intercepting and destroying nuclear weapons in flight for defense against a ballistic Missile attack. CFE T naty : The h a t y o n Conventional Armed Forces in Europe : Negotiated in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), a process which began in 1973 and was signed in 1990 by NATO and WTO countries and came into force on 9 November, 1992. NATO-North Atlantic h a t y Organisation : Created by the US and its allies in Western Europe after the Second World War to counter USSR. WTO-Warsaw %sty Org anisation: Created by Soviet Union in 1955 to counter NATO military alliance. Dissolved in 199 1.ICBM-Inter Continental Ballistic Missile: Ground launched Ballistic Missile capable fo delivering a warhead to a target at ranges in excess of 5500 km. INF-Intermediate Range Nuclear forces: are nuclear forces with a range oflfrom 1000 km. upto and including 5500 kms. MIRV-Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles: Re-entry vehicles, carried by a nuclear ballistic missile, which can be directed to separate targets along separte trajectories (as distinct from MRVs). A missile can carry two or more RVs. MRV-Multiple Re-entry Vehicles: Re-entry vehicle, carried by a nuclear missile, directed to the same target as the missile's other RVs.MAD-Mutual Assured Destruction: Concept of reciprocal deterrence which rests on the ability of the nuclear weapon powers to inflict intolerable damage on one another after receiving a nuclear attack. Open Skies h a t y – A Treaty signed by 2 5 CSCE states in 1992, permitting flights by unarmed military or civilian surveillance aircraft over the territory of the signatory states, in the area from Vancouver to Vladivostock. SLBM–Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile: A ballistic Missile launched from a submarine, usually with a range in excess of 5500 kms. START I TREATY : Strategic Arms Reduction lkeaty : Between USA and USSR to reduce strategic nuclear weapons.Strategic Nuclear Weapons : ICBMs, SLBMs and bomber aircraft carrying nuclear weapons of inter-continental range of usually over 5500 kms. Doctriae of Deterrence : It theorically means that the most appropriate way to prevent your enemy employ atomic weapons against you is to put a counter threat by also possessing the atomic bomb. Doctrine of Massive Retaliation: Was a strategy of employing nuclear weapons and outlined by US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles after President Eisenhower took over from President Truman in 1954. The massive retaliation doct rine was founded on responding to any communist inspired aggression, however marginal the confrontation, by means of a massive nuclear strike against major centres in the Soviet Union and China.Doctrine of Limited War : Was propounded by Captain Basil Liddel Hart in the late 1940s. He argued in his book ‘the Revolution in Warfare' in 1946 that â€Å"When both sides possess atomic power ‘total warfare' makes nonsense†¦ Any unlimited war waged with atomic power would be worse than non-sense, it would be mutually suicidal†. He argued that war should, therefore, be a controlled affair and without barbarous excess. However, many US strategies criticized his concept of limited war as practically impossible. Doctrine of Flexible Response : Adapted by NATO in 1967 and based on a flexible and balanced range of appropriate responses, conventional and nuclear, to all levels of aggression or threats.These responses, subject to appropriate political control, are Arms Race and Nuclear Threat designed first to deter aggression and thus preserve peace; but, should aggression unhappily occur, to maintain the security of NATO area within the concept of forward defense. 9. 8 SOME USEFUL BOOKS Lawrence Freedman: The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy. P:M. S. Blackett: Atomic Weapons and East West Relations. Hedly Bull : The Control of the Arms Race. Morton Halperin : Limited War in the Nuclear Age. Freed Ikle : Can Nuclear Deterrence last out the country? Robert Jervis : Perceptions and Misperceptions i n International Politics. Herman Kahn : O n Escalation : Metaphors and Scenarios.Henry Kissinger : Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. Thomas Shelling : Arms and Influence. — – – – – 9. 9 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISES Check Your Progress 1 1) See Section 9. 2 2) See Section 9. 2 and sub-section 9. 2. 3 Check Your Progress 2 1) S eeSection9. 3 Check Your Progress 3 1) See Section 9. 4 and sub-sections 9. 4. 1 to 9. 4 . 4 2) See Section 9. 4 and sub-section 9. 4. 3 Check Your Progress 4 1) See sub-sections 9. 4. 5 and 9. 4. 6 2) See sub-section 9. 4. 6 Check Your Progress 5 1) See sub-section 9. 4. 7 Check Your Progress 6 1) See sub-section 9. 4. 8 Check Your Progress 7 1) See Section 9. 5 2) See Section 9. 5 and sub-section 9. 5. 2 – –

Sunday, January 5, 2020

Legal and Ethical Issues in Archaeological Excavation Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Archaeological sites are prone to destruction due to several causes such as natural factors, human actions and institutional activities. Usually, natural causes are gradual such as the activities of earthworm and erosion and weathering. In some instances, the natural activities may be fast especially those caused by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Institutional and human activities are fast and cause significant damages. These include activities such as construction, agricultural activities, looting, vandalism and mining activities among others. Legal and ethical principles are enacted to regulate human and institutional activities since nothing can be done to protect archaeological sites against natural calamities (Bomford Leonard 287). Protection of archaeological sites connotes safeguarding the archaeological sites against forces that could destroy the available information or the value attached to the site by the community (Beresford Waterfield 31). Also, it suggests restr icting the sites from unauthorized excavators irrespective of professionalism they may exercise. Since these forces are numerous and differ in nature and magnitude, there are different regulations that have been enforced in order to fully protect the archaeological sites. Whereas some of the regulations are intended to govern the use of natural resources, there are other regulations aimed at sensitizing the community on the importance of archaeological sites through education. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal and Ethical Issues in Archaeological Excavation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page