Analysis of Distribution Channel of Reliance Communications

Table of contents | Chapter Name : Chapter No: | |Executive Summary 07 | |1) Introduction to the subject 08 | |1. 1) Theoretical foundation 09 | | | |1. ) Review of literature 10 | | | |1. 3) Review analysis 12 | |2) Introduction of the industry 14 | |2. ) Overview of industry 15 | | | |2. 2) Company profile 20 | | | |2. 3) History of the company 26 | | | |2. ) Reliance group and products 30 | | | |2. 5) Milestones 32 | |2. 6) performance of company 47 | |3) Objectives of study & research methodology 50 | |3. ) Objectives of study 51 | | | |3. 2) Research methodology 52 | |4) Data presentation, analysis & interpretation 55 | |4. 1) Data interpretation of retailers’ survey 56 | | | |4. ) Data interpretation of customers’ survey 57 | | | | | |5) Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 61 | |5. ) Summary 62 | | | |5. 2) Conclusion 63 | | | |5. ) Recommendations 64 | | Appendix 66 | | | |Questionnaire 67 | | | |SWOT analysis 70 | | | |Market work ings | | Bibliography | Executive summary I have done my summer training project under â€Å"RELIANCE COMMUNICATIONS LTD. †. It is an integrated, convergent high capacity digital network, connecting people at affordable rates. Ranked #846 in 2008 Forbes Global 2000 list of companies, this telecommunication services company was a Dhirubhai Ambani brain child. OBJECTIVES The foremost objective of my work is studying the retailers’ behaviour so that the other main objective of my project to promote the product and increase the visibility of the product throughout the market that I had been provided can be achieved. So far I had also done promotional activities through print media and also did market survey and try to find out that how the product is performing in the market and try to find out weakness of the product. METHODOLOGY Research Type Exploratory, Descriptive Research Data Source Primary Data Research Instrument Questionnaires Type of Questionnaire Structured Sampling Unit Retailer Sampling Method Judgmental Contact Method Personal Interview Sample size 90 Respondents FINDINGS Availability is at 23% retailers 60% Respondents are satisfied with RelianceComm. Company is very strict in providing POP to retailers. Company is slow in providing claims pending on retailers. RECOMMENDATIONS Company should pay more attention towards advertisement Company should use its potential for distribution purpose through regular survey, quick solution, replacement and by providing for credit. Company should work for the interest of retailers. It can offer new schemes on sales and some occasional schemes also. CHAPTER 1 â€Å"INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT† 1. 1)Theoretical Foundation DISTRIBUTION EXPANSION† is the reason behind the growth and sale of the company. To flourish a company needs to have a marke t and a proper distribution channel. It begins right from the birth of the product to the ultimate utilization. Distribution expansion doesn’t mean that to increase the number of retailers in the market, but it means the one who demands for Reliance can get it easily. It also means to increase the market share f the company and to capture and search for new market. While expanding the market we should also keep on working to retain our old clients. Whole distribution process is very systematic and complex. A delay in supply or order can stop the whole working of the market. There are many constraints in the market viz. shortage, distribution problem, non availability, communication gap etc. that should be removed. Here I am focusing only on one problem i. e. problem in distribution- How to remove it and help company in Distribution expansion. The whole task is oriented towards the retailer’s survey, checking the availability of reliance mobile products, and what are their complaints regarding the company. In the project I tried to find out the answers to the questions like- why there is a gap in distribution process, why some retailers are not ready to deal in reliance, and why the company is losing its customers. 1. 2)Review Of Literature Reliance Communications Limited – Financial and Strategic Analysis Review : Description Reliance Communications Limited (RCOM) is engaged in providing wireline and wireless and convergent digital network across India. The company’s business includes wireless, broadband, rural communication, reliance world, internet data centers, carrier business and infrastructure business. RCOM services covers about 20,000 towns and 450,000 villages. The company provides services across the entire communication value chain including services and infrastructure for individual, enterprise, applications, and consulting. RCOM has recently launched digital television services for its customers. Global Markets Direct’s Reliance Communications Limited – Financial and Strategic Analysis Review is an in-depth business, strategic and financial analysis of Reliance Communications Limited. The report provides a comprehensive insight into the company, including business structure and operations, executive biographies and key competitors. The hallmark of the report is the detailed strategic analysis of the company. This highlights its strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats it faces going forward. Scope : †¢ Provides key company information for business intelligence needs. †¢ The company’s strengths and weaknesses and areas of development or decline are analyzed. Financial, strategic and operational factors are considered. The opportunities open to the company are considered and its growth potential assessed. Competitive or technological threats are highlighted. †¢ The report contains critical company information – busine ss structure and operations, the company history, major products and services, key competitors, key employees and executive biographies, different locations and important subsidiaries. †¢ The report provides detailed financial ratios for the past five years as well as interim ratios for the last four quarters. †¢ Financial ratios include profitability, margins and returns, liquidity and leverage, financial position and efficiency ratios. Reasons to buy : †¢ A quick â€Å"one-stop-shop† to understand the company. Enhance business/sales activities by understanding customers’ businesses better. †¢ Get detailed information and financial and strategic analysis on companies operating in your industry. †¢ Identify prospective partners and suppliers – with key data on their businesses and locations. †¢ Capitalize on competitor's weaknesses and target the market opportunities available to them. †¢ Compare your company’s financial trends with those of your peers / competitors. †¢ Scout for potential acquisition targets, with detailed insight into the companies’ strategic, financial and operational performance. Review Analysis [pic] Review Analysis [pic] CHAPTER 2 â€Å"INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY† 2. )Overview Of Industry Telecom Industry in India †¢ history The telecom industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India. India has nearly 200 million telephone lines making it the third largest network in the world after China and USA. With a growth rate of 45%, Indian telecom industry has the highest growth rate in the world. History of Indian Telecommunications started in 1851 when the first operational land lines were laid by the government near Calcutta (seat of British power). Telephone services were introduced in India in 1881. In 1883 telephone services were merged with the postal system. Indian Radio Telegraph Company (IRT) was formed in 1923. After independence in 1947, all the foreign telecommunication companies were nationalized to form the Posts, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), a monopoly run by the government's Ministry of Communications. Telecom sector was considered as a strategic service and the government considered it best to bring under state's control. †¢ Growth The first wind of reforms in telecommunications sector began to flow in 1980s when the private sector was allowed in telecommunications equipment manufacturing. In 1985, Department of Telecommunications (DOT) was established. It was an exclusive provider of domestic and long-distance service that would be its own regulator (separate from the postal system). In 1986, two wholly government-owned companies were created: the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) for international telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) for service in metropolitan areas. In 1990s, telecommunications sector benefited from the general opening up of the economy. Also, examples of telecom revolution in many other countries, which resulted in better quality of service and lower tariffs, led Indian policy makers to initiate a change process finally resulting in opening up of telecom services sector for the private sector. National Telecom Policy (NTP) 1994 was the first attempt to give a comprehensive roadmap for the Indian telecommunications sector. In 1997, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was created. TRAI was formed to act as a regulator to facilitate the growth of the telecom sector. New National Telecom Policy was adopted in 1999 and cellular services were also launched in the same year. †¢ Major Players The GSM sector is dominated by Airtel, Vodfone-Hutch, and Idea Cellular, while the CDMA sector is dominated by Reliance and Tata Indicom. Opening up of international and domestic long distance telephony services are the major growth drivers for cellular industry. Cellular operators get substantial revenue from these services, and compensate them for reduction in tariffs on airtime, which along with rental was the main source of revenue. The reduction in tariffs for airtime, national long distance, international long distance, and handset prices has driven demand Service Providers | | | | | | |Aircel Group | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Assam, Bihar, Chennai, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, North East, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Kolkata, Delhi, Kerala, | | | |Karnataka, Andra Pradesh,UP(E), UP(w), Mumbai | | | |http://www. aircel. om | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bharti Airtel Limited | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Delhi (Metro), Mumbai (Metro), Kolkata (Metro), Chennai (Metro), Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal | | | |Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, North East, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, | | | |Uttar Pradesh (E), Uttar Pradesh (W), West Bengal. | | | |http://www. airtelworld. com | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |LOOP Mobile Ltd. | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Mumbai (Metro) | | | |http://www. bplmobile. com | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Vodafone Essar Limited | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Andhra Pradesh, Chennai (Metro), Delhi (Metro), Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kolkata (Metro), Mumbai (Metro), Punjab, Rajasthan,| | | |Uttar Pradesh (W), Uttar Pradesh (E), West Bengal, Maharatshtra, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, | | | |Bihar, Assam, North East, Madhya Pradesh. | | | |http://www. vodafone. om | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Idea Cellular Limited | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Delhi (Metro), Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh| | | |(E), Uttar Pradesh (W). | | | |http://www. ideacellular. om | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Reliance Telecom Limited | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh, North East, Orissa, and West Bengal. | | | |http://www. reliancemobile. com | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Spice Communications Limited | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Karnataka, Punjab | | | |http://www. spiceindia. om | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Datacomm | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |S Tel Ltd | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Unitech Wireless Ltd | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ByCell Telecommunications | | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tata Teleservices Ltd | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Etisalat DB Telecom Pvt. Ltd | | | | | | †¢ MARKET SHARE Telecommunication sector in India can be divided into two segments: Fixed Service Provider (FSPs), and Cellular Services. Fixed line services consist of basic services, national or domestic long distance and international long distance services. The state operators (BSNL and MTNL), account for almost 90 per cent of revenues from basic services. Private sector services are presently available in selective urban areas, and collectively account for less than 5 per cent of subscriptions. However, private services focus on the business/corporate sector, and offer reliable, high- end services, such as leased lines, ISDN, closed user group and videoconferencing. Cellular services can be further divided into two categories: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). | | | | |GSM Subscribers – July 2009 | | | | Total GSM subscriber base reached 325. 0 million | | | |Service Provider Name | |Subscriber (Mn) | |Market Share (%) | | | |Bharti Airtel | |105. 18 | |32. 9 | | | |Vodafone Essar | |78. 68 | |24. 16 | | | |BSNL | |50. 70 | |15. 57 | | | |IDEA | |48. 2 | |14. 9 | | | |Aircel | |23. 10 | |7. 09 | | | |Reliance Telecom | |12. 4 | |3. 94 | | | |MTNL | |4. 33 | |1. 33 | | | |Loop Mobile | |2. 5 | |0. 72 | | | |All India | |325. 70 | |100 | | | †¢ CURRENT MARKET SCENARIO Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Communications Ventures) is one of India's largest providers of integrated communicatio ns services. The company has more than 20 million customers and serves individual consumers, enterprises, and carriers, providing wireless, wireline, long distance, voice, data, and internet communications services through a number of operating subsidiaries. The company sells communications and digital entertainment products and services through its chain of Reliance Web World retail outlets. The company's Reliance Infocomm subsidiary provides wireless communications services throughout India. Reliance Communications is part of the Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group. The current network expansion undertaken by Reliance is the largest wireless network expansion undertaken by any operator across the world. It was with this belief in mind that Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Infocomm) started laying 60,000 route kilometres of a pan-India fibre optic backbone. This backbone was commissioned on 28 December 2002, the auspicious occasion of Dhirubhai’s 70th birthday, though sadly after his unexpected demise on 6 July 2002. Reliance Communications has a reliable, high-capacity, integrated (both wireless and wire line) and convergent (voice, data and video) digital network. It is capable of delivering a range of services spanning the entire infocomm (information and communication) value chain, including infrastructure and services — for enterprises as well as individuals, applications, and consulting. Today, Reliance Communications is revolutionizing the way India communicates and networks, truly bringing about a new way of life. We will leverage our strengths to execute complex global-scale projects to facilitate leading-edge information and communication services affordable to all individual consumers and businesses in India. We will offer unparalleled value to create customer delight and enhance business productivity. We will also generate value for our capabilities beyond Indian borders and enable millions of India's knowledge workers to deliver their services globally. 2. 2)Company’s profile Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is India’s largest private sector company on all major financial parameters. It has emerged as the only Indian company in the list of global companies that create most value for their shareholders, published by Financial Times based on a global survey and research conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2004. RIL features in the Forbes Global list of world’s 400 best big companies and in FT Global 500 list of world’s largest companies. Reliance Infocomm is the outcome of late Dhirubhai Ambani’s dream of bringing about a digital revolution in India that will bring to every Indian’s doorstep an affordable means of information and communication. â€Å"Make the tools of infocomm available to people at an affordable cost. They will overcome the handicaps of illiteracy and lack of mobility†, was how Dhirubhai, as he was fondly called, spelt out Reliance Infocomm’s mission in late 1999. He firmly believed the country could use information and communication technology to overcome its backwardness and underdevelopment. It was with this belief that Reliance Infocomm began laying its 60,000 route kilometres of pan-India fibre optic backbone in 1999. The backbone was commissioned on December 28, 2002, Dhirubhai’s 70th birth anniversary, first since his sad demise on July 6, 2002. â€Å"India ’s leading integrated telecom company†. India ’s leading integrated telecom company Reliance Communications is the flagship company of the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG) of companies. Listed on the National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange, it is India’s leading integrated telecommunication company with over 85 million customers. Our business encompasses a complete range of telecom services covering mobile and fixed line telephony. It includes broadband, national and international long distance services and data services along with an exhaustive range of value-added services and applications. Our constant endeavour is to achieve customer delight by enhancing the productivity of the enterprises and individuals we serve. Reliance Mobile (formerly Reliance India Mobile), launched on 28 December 2002, coinciding with the joyous occasion of the late Dhirubhai Ambani’s 70th birthday, was among the initial initiatives of Reliance Communications. It marked the auspicious beginning of Dhirubhai’s dream of ushering in a digital revolution in India. Today, we can proudly claim that we were instrumental in harnessing the true power of information and communication, by bestowing it in the hands of the common man at affordable rates. We endeavour to further extend our efforts beyond the traditional value chain by developing and deploying complete telecom solutions for the entire spectrum of society. â€Å"A dream come true† The Late Dhirubhai Ambani dreamt of a digital India — an India where the common man would have access to affordable means of information and communication. Dhirubhai, who single-handedly built India’s largest private sector company virtually from scratch, had stated as early as 1999: â€Å"Make the tools of information and communication available to people at an affordable cost. They will overcome the handicaps of illiteracy and lack of mobility. † It was with this belief in mind that Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Infocomm) started laying 60,000 route kilometres of a pan-India fibre optic backbone. This backbone was commissioned on 28 December 2002, the auspicious occasion of Dhirubhai’s 70th birthday, though sadly after his unexpected demise on 6 July 2002. Reliance Communications has a reliable, high-capacity, integrated (both wireless and wireline) and convergent (voice, data and video) digital network. It is capable of delivering a range of services spanning the entire infocomm (information and communication) value chain, including infrastructure and services — for enterprises as well as individuals, applications, and consulting. Today, Reliance Communications is revolutionising the way India communicates and networks, truly bringing about a new way of life. †¢ Vision Of The Company We will leverage our strengths to execute complex global-scale projects to facilitate leading-edge information and communication services affordable to all individual consumers and businesses in India. We will offer unparalleled value to create customer delight and enhance bus iness productivity. We will also generate value for our capabilities beyond Indian borders and enable millions of India's knowledge workers to deliver their services globally. † †¢ Corporate Governance Organizations, like individuals, depend for their survival, sustenance and growth on the support and goodwill of the communities of which they are an integral part, and must pay back this generosity in every way they can†¦ This ethical standpoint, derived from the vision of our founder, lies at the heart of the CSR philosophy of the Reliance – ADA Group. While we strongly believe that our primary obligation or duty as corporate entities is to our shareholders – we are just as mindful of the fact that this imperative does not exist in isolation; it is part of a much larger compact which we have with our entire body of stakeholders: From employees, customers and vendors to business partners, eco-system, local communities, and society at large. We evaluate and assess each critical business decision or choice from the point of view of diverse stakeholder interest, driven by the need to minimize risk and to pro-actively address long-term social, economic and environmental costs and concerns. For us, being socially responsible is not an occasional act of charity or that one-time token financial contribution to the local school, hospital or environmental NGO. It is an ongoing year-round commitment, which is integrated into the very core of our business objectives and strategy. Because we believe that there is no contradiction between doing well and doing right. Indeed, doing right is a necessary condition for doing well. †¢ Chairman's Profile: Anil D. Ambani [pic] Regarded as one of the foremost corporate leaders of contemporary India, Shri Anil D Ambani, 48, is the chairman of all listed companies of the Reliance ADA Group, namely, Reliance Communications, Reliance Capital, Reliance Energy and Reliance Natural Resources limited. He is also Chairman of the Board of Governors of Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat. Till recently, he also held the post of Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), India’s largest private sector enterprise. Anil D Ambani joined Reliance in 1983 as Co-Chief Executive Officer, and was centrally involved in every aspect of the company’s management over the next 22 years. He is credited with having pioneered a number of path-breaking financial innovations in the Indian capital markets. He spearheaded the country’s first forays into the overseas capital markets with international public offerings of global depositary receipts, convertibles and bonds. Starting in 1991, he directed Reliance Industries in its efforts to raise over US$ 2 billion. He also steered the 100-year Yankee bond issue for the company in January 1997. He is a member of: == Wharton Board of Overseers, The Wharton School, USA = Central Advisory Committee, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission == Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad == Board of Governors Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur In June 2004, he was elected for a six-year term as an independent member of the Rajya Sabh a, Upper House of India’s Parliament a position he chose to resign voluntarily on March 25, 2006. Awards and Achievements: == Conferred the ‘CEO of the Year 2004’ in the Platts Global Energy Awards == Rated as one of ‘India’s Most Admired CEOs’ for the sixth consecutive year in the Business Barons – TNS Mode opinion poll, 2004 == Conferred ‘The Entrepreneur of the Decade Award’ by the Bombay Management Association, October 2002 Awarded the First Wharton Indian Alumni Award by the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) in recognition of his contribution to the establishment of Reliance as a global leader in many of its business areas, December 2001 Selected by Asiaweek magazine for its list of ‘Leaders of the Millennium in Business and Finance’ and was introduced as the only ‘new hero’ in Business and Finance from India, June 1999. †¢ Board of directors †¢ shri Anil D. Ambani – Chairman [pic] †¢ Prof. J Ramachandran [pic] †¢ Shri S. P. Talwar [pic] †¢ Shri Deepak Shourie [pic] †¢ Shri A. K. Purwar [pic] 2. 3)History Of Company [pic] [pic] The Times of India reported on 5th May that [[Reliance]] Mutual Fund has kept its position as India’s largest fund house with assets crossing INR 48,000 crores. Reliance has the distinction of being the first Indian company to be named among the five hundred listed in Forbes. How did all this come about? Let us dig into the rags to riches story of Reliance. The one name associated with it from its foundations is Dhirubhai Ambani. What is Reliance? The Reliance Group is India’s largest business house with total revenues being more than $22. 6 billion. This is equal to 3. 5% of India’s GDP. Reliance contributes to 10% of India’s total indirect tax and 6% of her total exports. Reliance network of exports spread out to more than one hundred countries across the globe. What are the activities of Reliance? It is involved in oil exploration and production, gas refining and marketing, petrochemicals, textiles, financial services, insurance, power, telecommunications and infocom initiatives. The names of Reliance and Dhirubhai Ambani go hand in hand. He was born on 28th December 1932, in Chorwad, Gujarat. He belonged to the Hindu Modh Bania community. Dhirubhai built India’s largest private sector empire, Reliance, and created an equity cult. His father was a schoolteacher. Dhirubhai started off by selling fried snacks to pilgrims in Mount Girnar during weekends. After school he became a dispatch clerk at A. Besse & Company. The latter became distributors of Shell and Dhirubhai was sent to manage an oil filling station at Aden. For some time he also worked in Dubai. In 1958 he returned to India with INR 50,000/- in his pocket. With this he set up a textile trading company. A  This was the first chapter of the story of Reliance. Aptly helped by his wife and two sons Dhirubhai diversified his interests to petrochemicals, telecommunications and information, technology, energy, power, finance, capital markets and logistics. Reliance gave new dimensions to India’s equity culture. Till then the market had been dominated by financial institutions but with Reliance coming into the picture thousands of retail investors jumped into the fray by putting their trust in the name of Reliance. With innovative instruments like convertible debentures from the 1980’s Reliance became a hot favorite in the Stock Market. Reliance was the pioneer Indian company to raise funds in the international markets. Only India’s sovereign rating restricted its high credit taking in international markets. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry named Dhirubhai Ambani of Reliance The Indian Entrepreneur of the 20th century. The Times of India conducted a poll in which he was acclaimed to be the greatest creator of wealth in the 20th century. Thus we see that Reliance Industries Ltd was the brainchild and product of the labors of Indian business tycoon, Dhirubhai Ambani alias Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani. The story of Reliance makes fascinating reading. During the 1950’s the administrators of Yemen discovered that a lot of their currency, the Rial, was disappearing through Aden because of a young man placing unlimited buy orders for Rials. The Rials, at that time, were made of pure silver and was greatly in demand in the London Bullion Exchange. Dhirubhai bought and melted the Rials and sold it to the London bullion traders. Within three months his work came to a halt but by that time he had made few lacs. In the 60’s Dhirubhai returned to India and started Reliance Commercial Corporation with a humble capital. The business was related to the import of polyester yarn and export of spices. The first address of Reliance was in Narsinathan Street in Masjid Bunder â€Å" a small 350 sq ft joint with a telephone, table and three chairs and only two assistants. The family too managed in a one room flat. The fortunes of Reliance soon began to change. In 1966 the first textile mill was set up at Naroda using polyester fibre. He branded his products Vimal and thanks to intensive marketing, Vimal became a household name. Financial retail outlets were set up where only Vimal brands were sold. In 1975 a visiting World Bank team certified it to be excellent even by the standards of the developed world. The next step of Reliance was to enter the equity world. An equity cult came to be created. Nearly 60,000 investors from all parts of India placed their trust in Reliance IPO in 1977. Rural India and first time investors learnt to place its trust and money in the name of Reliance. In 1982 Reliance Industries came up against a rights issue about partly convertible debentures. It was rumored that Reliance was making all efforts to see that their stock prices did not fall by even an inch. Ready to strike, a Bear cartel consisting of a group of stockbrokers from Calcutta began to short sell Reliance shares. Another group, friendly towards Reliance began to buy the short sold shares on the Bombay Exchange. The Bears were confident that the Bulls would soon run out of cash and be prepared for an understanding under the badla-trading scheme prevalent in the Bombay Stock during that time. But the tables came to be turned in favor of Reliance. Dhirubhai himself provided the required cash when the Bulls demanded a physical delivery of shares. The net result was that Reliance shares shot up from INR 152/- to 180/- within a few minutes. The market was in uproar with Dhirubhai as the uncrowned king. The Bombay Stock Exchange came to be closed for three full days. Authorities intervened and brought down the unbadla rate to 2/- with a ruling that the Bear cartel would have to deliver the shares within the next few days. The Bears bought Reliance shares from the market at higher price levels and most probably Dhirubhai himself supplied these shares and earned a healthy profit from the great adventure. Questions naturally arose around Reliance. How could a yarn trader within a few years cough up such huge amounts of cash during a crisis? Parliament began to face queries. The Finance Minister gave the information that a non-resident Indian had invested nearly 220/- million INR in Reliance from 1982/83. These had been channelized through many companies all registered in the Isle of Man. The peculiarity was that all the owners had the common surname or Shah. However, Reserve Bank investigations did not find anything wrong done by Reliance and its friends. Keeping its core in petrochemicals Reliance soon diversified its activities to telecommunications, information technology, energy, power, retail, textiles, infrastructure services, capital markets and logistics. BBC described it as a business empire with an estimated annual turnover of $12bn, and an 85,000- strong workforce. Reliance has the distinction of being the only public limited company whose many annual general meetings had to be held in stadiums with more than 350,000 shareholders in attendance. Success creates jealousy. Reliance had to suffer its share. Nusli Wadia of Bombay Dyeing group was once the biggest competitor of Reliance. Wadia was known for his clout in political circles during the time when the economy had not been liberalized. Competition took an ugly turn when during the seventies Wadia got a permission from the then Janata Party ruled government to build a DMT (Dimethyl Terephthalate) plant. Then Ramnath Goenka of Indian Express turned his pen against Reliance. It seemed that Goenka was using a national newspaper for his own personal vendetta. But despite everything people did not lose faith in Reliance. Reliance ran into rough weather also with the V. P. Singh government. The license for importing Purified Terephthalic Acid was cancelled. This was essential as a raw material for manufacturing polyester yarn. The first stroke had paralyzed Dhirubhai but the second stroke spelt out the death sentence for him. He died in 2nd July 2002 leaving behind at the helm of Reliance his two sons Mukesh and Anil, wife and two daughters. His funeral was attended not only by big business and politicians but also by thousands of ordinary folks. He is an example of what a common person can do to help himself as well as the economy of his country. At the time of his death the Reliance group had a gross turn over of INR 75,000 crores from 70 crores in 1976/77. In 20003 Government of India issued a postal stamp (denomination 5/- INR) in Dhirubhai’s honour. Reliance began to flow through two channels after the death of Dhirubhai. Differences broke out between his two sons over ownership issues as well as private matters. It was expressed that this would have no impact on the functioning of the company â€Å" it being a company managed aggressively by professionals. This is of great importance to the Indian economy as a whole. The wife of Dhirubhai, Kokilaben mediated for her sons. Mukesh was awarded Reliance Industries and IPCL and this group came to be known, as Reliance Industries Ltd. Anil became head of Infocomm, Reliance Energy and Reliance Capital known as the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG) 2. ) Reliance Group and Products Looking back, looking forward Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, an offshoot of the Reliance Group founded by Shri Dhirubhai H Ambani (1932-2002), ranks among India’s top three private sector business houses in terms of net worth. The group has business interests that range from telecommu nications (Reliance Communications Limited) to financial services (Reliance Capital Ltd) and the generation and distribution of power (Reliance Infrastructure Limited). Reliance – ADA Group’s flagship company, Reliance Communications, is India's largest private sector information and communications company, with over 85 million subscribers. It has established a pan-India, high-capacity, integrated (wireless and wireline), convergent (voice, data and video) digital network, to offer services spanning the entire infocomm value chain. Other major group companies — Reliance Capital and Reliance Infrastructure — are widely acknowledged as the market leaders in their respective areas of operation. |[pic] |[pic] | | |Reliance Mutual Fund | |Reliance Energy Ltd. | |   |   | |[pic] |[pic] | |Harmony |Reliance Communications | | |   | |[pic] |[pic] | |Reliance Life Insurance |Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group | |   |   | |[pic] |[pic] | |Reliance General Insurance |Reliance Portfolio Management Service | |   | |[pic] |   | |Reliance Big Entertainment |   | †¢ RELIANCE PRODUCTS ? Reliance Base Phone ? Reliance Mobile ? Reliance Data Card ? Reliance Voucher, E-Recharge ? Reliance PCO ? Reliance Broad Band 2. 5) Milestones 2008 |  |[p|  |January 12 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communicat ions receives Start-up GSM Spectrum | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 16 | | | |ic| |Yahoo partners with Reliance Communications to provide Yahoo One Search for its CDMA and GSM customers. | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 31 | | | |ic| |RCOM's Q 3 Net Profit increases by 48. 5% and Revenues Up by 29. 8 %. Remains the most profitable Telecom Company in | | | |] | |India. |   |  |[p|  |February 4 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications offers Lifetime Validity at Rs 199 | | | |] | |RCOM’s subsidiary Infratel files Draft Red Herring Prospectus with SEBI | |   |  |[p|  |February 5 | | | |ic| |Reliance Mobile strengthens its religious content portfolio on Mobile by tie-up with Sadhana TV | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |February 14 | | | |ic| |RCOM in partnership with CanvasM, launches Mulitplayer Mobile Games | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |February 19 | | | |ic| |HDFC Bank ties up with RCOM, turns every Reliance Mobile into a credit card | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |February 27 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications consolidates Global Telecom Business under â€Å"Business | | | |] | |Globalcom† | | | | | |Reliance Communications forays into International Mobile Market with GSM License in Uganda. |   |  |[p|  |March 3 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications drops prices of Internet Data Cards | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  | | | | |ic| |March 10 | | | |] | |Reliance Communications announces ESOPs for over 20,000 employees  Ã‚   | |   |  |[p|  |March 20 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications and HTC forge Strategic Alliance | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |March 27 | | | |ic| |Corporation Bank Launches Banking Services on Reli ance Mobile World | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |April 1 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications forays into IT space, launches Reliance Technology Services Company | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |April 9 | | | |ic| |RCOM launches Educational Portal on Reliance Mobile Phones | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |April 25 | | | |ic| |Reliance Globalcom unit Reliance Infocom BV, Netherlands acquires Global WiMAX Operator eWave World | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |April 29 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications Announces Unlimited Free STD calls  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |April 30 | | | |ic| |Reliance Globalcom Launches Passport Global SIM | | | |] | |RCOM's Net Profit up by 70. % to Rs 5,401 crore | |   |  |[p|  |May 2 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications’ Net Profit up by 70. 8% to Rs 5,401 crore (US$ 1,350 million), Revenues higher by 31. 8% to | | | |] | |Rs. 19, 068 crore (US$ 4,765 million) and EBIDTA increases by 43. 3% to Rs. 8, 199 crore (US$ 2049 million)   | | | | | |  Ã‚   | |   |  |[p|  |May 12 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications and Alcatel form Joint Venture to offer Managed Network Services to telcos across the globe | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  | | | | |ic| |May 26 | | | |] | |Reliance Globalcom acquires UK based VANCO Group Limited | |   |  |[p|  |June 24 | | | |ic| |Reliance Globalcom, Stealth Communications forge Strategic Alliance to extend VOIP Network across 50 countries | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |July 12 | | | |ic| |CA Exam Results on Reliance Mobile | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |July 22 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications Mobile Subscriber base crosses 50 Million | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |July 29 | | | |ic| |CA Professional Exam Results on Reliance Mobile | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |July 31 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications (RCOM) announces its financial results for the first quarter ended June 30, 2008. Net Profit up | | | |] | |by 23. 9% to Rs. 1,512 crore (US$ 352 million) | |2007 |  |[p|  |January 10 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications adds a record 1. 4 million subscribers in December â⠂¬Ëœ06 | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 18 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communication launches unique â€Å"Simply 2030† plan on Reliance Hello | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 25 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications promotes Roger Waters Music Concert | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 29 | | | |ic| |RCOM shareholders approve tower business demerger with a 99. 9% overwhelming majority | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 30 | | | |ic| |Overwhelming response to Reliance World’s National Digital Elocution Competition | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |January 30 | | | |ic| |Reliance joins Lenovo and Intel for â€Å"Internet on the Move† | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |February 2 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications’ market capitalization tops Rs 1 lakh crore ( 1 trillion rupees or 24. 9 billion US dollars) on | | | |] | |Bombay Stock Exchange | |   |  |[p|  |February 16 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications offers best v alue on roaming | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |February 26 | | | |ic| |Search Jobs & Classified Ads from Reliance Mobile World – Reliance Communications ties up with Naukri. com | | | |] | | |   |  |[p|  |March 6 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications ushers in ‘Virtual Global Conference Network’ | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |March 7 | | | |ic| |DHIRUBHAI AMBANI – THE MAN I KNEW By KOKILABEN | | | |] | |Book on Founder Chairman launched. |   |  |[p|  |March 8 | | | |ic| |Reliance Communications launches ‘Roam Jamaica on Reliance Mobile | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |March 16 | | | |ic| |Reliance Mobile launches ‘ Suno Zee’ | | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |March 19 | | | |ic| |Demerger of Passive Infrastructure division Reliance Communications & Reliance Telecom approved by the Bombay High Court| | | |] | | | |   |  |[p|  |M

How Should Marianne Berner Respond to the Invitation for Ikea to Have a Representative Appear on the Upcoming Broadcast of the German Video Program?

Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 1/9 Numerical Differentiation  ® Suppose we have a list of points x0 < x1 < x2 <  ·  ·  · < xn and corresponding function values f (x 0 ), f (x 1 ), f (x 2 ), . . . , f (x n )  ® A natural question is whether we can use the data above to approximate f ? (x) at some point x ? [x0, xn].  ® The answer is easy provided the points xi are equally spaced so that xi ? xi? 1 = h (constant) and x. The easiest way to motivate derivative formulas is using the definition of derivative f (x + h) ? f (x ) f ? (x) = lim h>0 h which suggests many possible difference formulas: ? (x ) ? f (x + h) ? f (x ) h f (x ) ? f (x ? h) f ? (x ) ? h f (x + h) ? f (x ? h) f ? (x ) ? 2h f (x + 2 h) ? f (x ? 2 h) ? f (x ) ? 4h (forward difference) (backward difference) (centered difference) (wide centered difference)  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  ® These formulas are accurate only if h is â€Å"small enough. † October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? eren tiation MACM 316 2/9 Example Suppose we’re approximating the derivative of f (x) = 2 sin(3x) using the equally-spaced data x 0. 3000 0. 3250 0. 3500 0. 3750 0. 4000 0. 4250 0. 4500 0. 4750 0. 5000 f (x) 1. 5667 1. 6554 1. 7348 1. 8045 1. 8641 1. 131 1. 9514 1. 9788 1. 9950 The approximations of f ? (0. 4) with h = 0. 1 are: 1. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 9950? 1. 8641 0. 1 = 1. 3090 (40%) 2. f ? (x) ? f (x)? f (x? h) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 8641? 1. 5667 0. 1 = 2. 9740 (37%) 3. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 9950? 1. 5667 0. 2 = 2. 1415 (1. 5%) where the relative errors are computed using the exact value f ? (0. 4) = 6 cos(3 ? 0. 4) = 2. 17414652686004 2. 1 2 y 1. 9 1. 8 1. 7 1. 6 1. 5 0. 25 0. 3 0. 35 0. 4 0. 45 0. 5 0. 55 0. 6 x Figure 1: f (x) = 2 sin(3x) October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? rentiation MACM 316 3/9 Example (cont’d) Investigate what happens when h is decreased to 0. 05: x 0. 3000 0. 3250 0. 3500 0. 3 750 0. 4000 0. 4250 0. 4500 0. 4750 0. 5000 f (x) 1. 5667 1. 6554 1. 7348 1. 8045 1. 8641 1. 9131 1. 9514 1. 9788 1. 9950 The approximations of f ? (0. 4) with h = 0. 05 are: 1. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 9514? 1. 8641 0. 05 = 1. 7460 (20%) 2. f ? (x) ? f (x)? f (x? h) h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 8641? 1. 7348 0. 05 = 2. 5860 (19%) 3. f ? (x) ? f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h f ? (0. 4) ? 1. 8641? 1. 7348 0. 1 = 2. 1660 (0. 4%) 4. f ? (x) ? f (x+2h)? f (x? 2h) 4h f ? (0. 4) ? . 9950? 1. 5667 0. 2 = 2. 1415 (1. 5%) Notice that: †¢ The forward and backward difference formulas (1 and 2) have similar accuracy. †¢ The centered difference (3) is much more accurate than the one-sided differences. †¢ Decreasing h increases the accuracy of the approximation. Question: Can this be explained? October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 4/9 Error Analysis To analyse the error in ? nite difference formulas, use Taylor series approximations. Examp le 1: Forward difference formula †¢ Write the Taylor polynomial of degree n = 1, with error term: ? (x + h) = f (x ) + f (x ) h + f (c) 2 h2 †¢ Then f (x + h) ? f (x ) h ? = f (x ) + f (c) 2 h = f ? (x ) + O (h) †¢ Decreasing h clearly reduces the error. Example 2: Centered difference formula †¢ Taylor polynomials for f (x + h) and f (x ? h) to O (h4): f (x) 2 f (x) 3 f (4) (x) 4 f (5) (c1 ) 5 f (x + h) = f (x) + f (x) h + h+ h+ h+ h 2 6 4! 5! ? f (x ? h) = f (x) ? f ? (x) h + f (x) 2 h2 ? f (x) 6 h3 + f (4) (x) 4! h4 ? f (5) (c2 ) 5! h5 †¢ Subtract the second equation from the ? rst and divide by 2h: f (x) 2 f (x + h) ? f (x ? h) ? = f (x) + h + O (h4 ) 2h 6 Error in centered formula is smaller (as expected)! October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 5/9 Error Analysis (cont’d) Taylor series can also be used to derive new formulas. Example 3: A second-order one-sided formula †¢ Write the Taylor po lynomials for f (x + h) and f (x + 2h): f (x) 3 f (x) 2 h+ h + O (h4 ) f (x + h) = f (x ) + f (x ) h + 2 6 4f (x) 3 ? 2 f (x + 2 h) = f (x ) + 2f (x ) h + 2 f (x ) h + h + O (h4 ) 3 ? †¢ Form the following linear combination: 4 f (x + h) ? f (x + 2 h) ? 3 f (x ) 2h ? = f (x ) ? f (x) 3 h2 + O (h4 ) Expect this formula to be more accurate than forward/backward differences, and similar to centered formula October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 6/9 Richardson Extrapolation In addition to creating new formulas or reducing h, there is a â€Å"trick† for increasing accuracy:  ® The centered difference formula is missing the odd terms: f ? (x) = f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h f ? (x) = g0 (h) + O (h2) + O (h4) + O (h6) +  ·  ·  · a  · h2 + + O (h4) + O (h6) +  ·  ·  · (1) Then, write the same difference formula using h : 2 f ? (x) = g0 ( h ) 2 + a  · ( h )2 + O (h4) + O (h6) +  ·  ·  · (2)  ® Eliminate the O (h2) term by taking 4 ? (1) ? (2): 4f ? (x) ? f ? (x) = 4g0 ( h ) ? g0 (h) + 4a  · ( h )2 ? a  · h2 + O (h4 ) + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · 2 2  ® Simplify to obtain a formula of higher accuracy: ? f (x) = 4g0 ( h ) ? g0 (h) 2 3 + O (h4) + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  ·  ® Continue this idea (recursively) to higher orders: 4g0 ( h )? g0 (h) 2 3 + b  · h4 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · = g1 (h) + b  · h4 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · = g1 ( h ) 2 + = 16g1 ( h )? g1 (h) 2 15 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · = g2 (h) + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · f ? (x) =  ® In general, gn = October 30, 2008 b 16  · h4 + O (h6 ) +  ·  ·  · 4n gn? 1 ( h )? gn? 1 (h) 2 4n ? 1 Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 7/9 Richardson Extrapolation – Example  ® Consider the data from the earlier example: x 0. 300 0. 325 0. 350 0. 375 0. 400 0. 425 0. 450 0. 475 0. 500 f (x) 1. 5667 1. 6554 1. 7348 1. 8045 1. 8641 1. 9131 1. 9514 1. 9788 1. 9950 g0(h) = f (x+h)? f (x? h) 2h g1(h) = 4g0 ( h )? g0 (h) 2 3 g2(h) = 16g1 ( h )? g1 (h) 2 15  ® Steps in Richardson extrapolation (x = 0. 4 and h = 0. 1) are easy to organize in tabular form: x=0. 4 h=0. 1 h g0 (h) – O (h2 ) g1 (h) – O (h4) g2 (h) – O (h6 ) 2. 1416807698 2. 1741099363 h 2 2. 1660026447 h 4 2. 1721088377 . 1741465220 2. 1741442353  ® Note: Don’t confuse with Newton divided differences!  ® Relative errors (using f ? (0. 4) = 2. 17414652686004): x=0. 4 h=0. 1 g0 (h) h 1. 49 ? 10? 2 g1 (h) g2 (h) 1. 68 ? 10? 5 h 2 h 4 October 30, 2008 3. 74 ? 10? 3 9. 25 ? 10? 4 2. 26 ? 10? 9 1. 05 ? 10? 6 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 8/9 Optimal h  ® When applying any ? nite difference formula, †¢ we want h as small as possible so that truncation error is small (Taylor polynomial error term), †¢ we cannot take h too small, otherwise round-off error dominates (subtractive cancellation). There should be an â€Å"optimal h† where truncat ion error and round-off error balance out. Example: Forward difference approximation  ® Evaluate the difference using ? oating point arithmetic: f (x+h)? f (x) h = f (x+h)(1+? 1 )? f (x)(1+? 2 ) , h = fl f (x+h)? f (x) h + where |? i | u = unit roundoff a ·u , h where a is some constant a ·u = f ? (x) + b  · h + h truncation round-off  ® Optimum h occurs roughly when b ·h ? a ·u h =? h ? a ·u b Example: Take f (x) = 2 sin(3x) †¢ Then a ? 4 and b = f (x) 2 = |9 sin(3x)| 9. †¢ Assume single precision arithmetic u = 10? 6: h? †¢ f ? (0. ) = October 30, 2008 4  · 10? 6 9 ? 0. 00066667. f (0. 400667)? f (0. 4) 0. 00066667 ? 2. 16 (0. 65% relative error) c Steven Rauch and John Stockie Numerical Di? erentiation MACM 316 9/9 Below is a representative sketch of the estimates for b ·h †¢ truncation error: a ·u †¢ round-off error: †¢ total error: h b ·h+ a ·u h 20 18 16 total error Total Error (10-3) 14 12 10 truncation error 8 6 round- off error 4 2 0 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2 h (10-3) Note: Total error has a local minimum near x = 0. 667 ? 10? 3. October 30, 2008 c Steven Rauch and John Stockie

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Q8 - Essay Example ast that everyone has difficulty keeping up with them and developing conclusive interpretations about their effects on organizations (Weitz and Shenhav 2000). The balanced-scorecard measures would help to identify advances in technology, especially computer, information, and communications technology, have presented organizations and managers with dramatic new challenges and opportunities, and researchers have been pressing to develop the theoretical and research grounding needed to understand and manage these developments. The rapid advent of computer applications, the Internet, and other forms of information and communication technology have major implications for organizations and their management, but people have trouble saying exactly what effects they have and why. As for effects on public organizations, especially until recently, research has been scarce. The rational for the balanced-scorecard is to investigate and analyze new trends in information systems application and the ir impact on communication, effects on corporate design, structure and productivity. The framework helps to explain why even very similar technological initiatives can have very different outcomes, because of different organizational and institutional influences on their implementation. Fountain also describes how such influences raise formidable challenges for successful utilization in government, given the strong, often entrenched organizational and institutional influences. These components of the framework combine to influence the way technological initiatives play out (Castellano and Young, 2006). 2. The main criteria I will use to assess the information technology are desirability and efficiency test. The objectives of the analysis are to (1) identify the main applications of information technology in a given organization; (2) analyze their impact on a corporate organization, (3) identify the main trends and factors which influence implementation of information technology and (4)

Holmes v South Carolina Essay Example for Free

Holmes v South Carolina Essay Facts: Holmes was charged with first degree murder, first degree burglary and robbery in connection with an incident involving an 86 year old woman, Mary Stewart. Holmes was also charged for the rape and murder of Stewart. At the trial court, Holmes was convicted by the South Carolina Supreme Court. The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. The petitioner had appealed and the court granted a new trail. During the new trial the prosecution introduced new forensic evidence including palm prints and blood that was found at the scene of the crime. At the new trial, the petitioner also sought to introduce proof of another man named Jimmy McCaw White. The court excluded the third party evidence of guilt because the grounds of the evidence were not admissible. The evidenced only implicated that the third party and did not exclude the defendant. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari Issue: Is evidence of a third party’s guilt admissible if it only implicates the third party and does not exculpate the defendant? Rule and Rationale: Yes. Under the Constitution of the United States, a defendant in a criminal case has to be given the opportunity to present a complete defense. The defendant also has the right and opportunity to present evidence of innocence, and only the evidence of guilt of a third party. Excluding evidence and only hearing the prosecutions evidence in the case did not give the court the right to make a conclusion based on the evidence at hand. The evidence against the prosecution supported that the defendant was guilty but did not automatically exclude the evidence of the third party as weak. Holmes was entitled to introduce the evidence of Whites guilt. The exclusion of that evidence violated Holmess right to have the opportunity to present a complete defense. Standard Relied On: State v. Gay, 541 S.E.2d 541, 545 (S.C. 2001). The case gave clear meaning by bringing to light that the strength of one partys evidence has no logical conclusion that can be reached regarding the strength of the contrary evidence from the other side to cast doubt. The rule from Gay was arbitrary and violated a criminal defendants right to have a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense Case Significance: The case clarified the Constitutional validity of rules of admission for third party guilt evidence. Just because the evidence against the prosecution supported the defendant’s guilt, this did not automatically exclude the third party’s evidence. Additionally, no logical conclusions can be made based on contrary evidence that cast doubt on the defendant.

Congestive Cardiac Failure Case Study

Congestive Cardiac Failure Case Study Mr. Sam Toscana is a 70 year old client admitted to the ward with congestive cardiac failure (CCF). The client states that he has had increasing SOB over the last 3 days and his feet are as swollen as he cannot put his shoes on. The cardiologist saw him this morning and he admitted for management of his CCF. The client states he has had a fluid problem on and off for the last five year. History Age: 70 Allergies: NKA Ht: 165 cm WT: 75 kg Next of kin: Wife Maria Children: 1 daughter Mr. Toscana lives with his wife in the family home; they have lived there for 40 years. His daughters house is near by and she is very helpful and takes him and his wife to appointments. However she has 3 children at school that keep her very busy. They remain very sociable attending the local Italian club. He was diagnosed with CCF 10 years ago. Past History AF, Hypercholesterolemia, CCF, CABGs 10 years ago, ex-smoker, positive coronary artery disease family history. Medical Management The following about medications were told by Mr. Toscana: Lasix is not taken when they go outings organized by the Italian club. Digoxin is taken one in the morning (blue pills). Aspirin is taken in the morning with water. Warfarin is taken in the night and blood test is getting every couple of days. Perindopril is taken one in the morning for his heart. Observations on admission BP 95/50, AF pulse irregular 80, SaO2 93% on room air, Temp 36.9, R Rate 22 bpm, Crackles noted in the right lung base. This essay will explain the pathophysiology of presenting condition of Mr. Toscana. Secondly, this paper will explain what nursing assessment will be performed on Mr. Toscana and justify the framework for assessment chosen. Thirdly, education and psychosocial support will be offered on Mr. Toscana will be described with justifying. In addition, nursing care plan for Mr. Toscana with two short term and two long term goals including nursing interventions, rationales, and evaluations will be provided. Furthermore, diagnostic tests that will assist with the assessment and management of Mr. Toscana will be investigated. Moreover, this essay will perform a risk assessment on the client drawing on the information provided. Lastly, two of the medications Mr. Toscana is taking will be discussed and including action, use (as discuss why this client been prescribed this medication), relevant interaction, three adverse effects, and three nursing points or precautions. Pathophysiology of the presenting condition of Mr. Toscana Heart failure is defined as a condition that results from some abnormality in myocardial function. The abnormality, whatever the cause, results in the inability of the heart to deliver enough oxygenated blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. When the right and left ventricles fail as pumps, pulmonary and systemic venous hypertension ensue, resulting in the syndrome of congestive heart failure (Fletcher Thomas 2001). Dyspnoea or shortness of breath, orthopnoea and pulmonary crackles are signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema and pleural effusion when left ventricular in the heart failure. There are two major consequences occur when the left ventricle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the bodys demands: signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion. Increased pressure in the left side of the heart backs up into the pulmonary system, and the lungs become congested with fluid. Fluid leaks through the engorged capillaries and permeates air spaces in lung (Christensen Kockrow 2011). According to Christensen and Kockrow (2011) edema appears in the body as right ventricular failure. Right ventricular failure occurs when the right ventricle in unable to pump effectively against increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. The right ventricles inability to pump blood forward into the lungs results in peripheral congestion and an inability to accommodate all the venous blood that is normally returned to the right side of the heart. Venous blood in reflected backward into the systemic circulation. Increased venous volume and pressure force fluid out of the vasculature into interstitial tissue or peripheral edema. Nursing assessment with justifying Christensen and Kockrow (2011) state that subjective data to assess Mr. Toscana include complaints of dyspnea, orthopnea or sudden awakening from sleep because shortness of breath (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), and cough. Besides that, fatigue, anxiety, weight gain from fluid retention, and edema may be reported by patient. In addition, any pain such as angina or abdominal and the patients stated ability to perform activity of daily living needs to be documented. Collection of objective date includes noting presence of respiratory distress, the number of pillows required to breath comfortably while attempting to rest (orthopnea), edema (site, degree of pitting), abdominal distension secondary to ascites, weight gain, adventitious breath sounds, abnormal heart sounds such as gallop and murmurs, activity intolerance, and jugular vein distension. Blood flow to the kidneys is diminished, resulting in oliguria. Oxygen deficit in tissues results in cyanosis and general debilitation (Christensen Kockrow 2011). Education and psychosocial support with justifying According to Washburn and Hornberger (2008) heart failure is a complex, chronic illness often requiring major lifestyle modifications for patients and their families. Nurses play a key role in educating and counseling patients and their families about these changes. Education should be provided to patients about symptom and weight management, dietary and exercise recommendations, and medications. Patient should be taught the signs and symptoms of worsening congestive cardiac failure such as increased dyspnea, development or worsening of orthopnea, weight gain, and exercise intolerance or inability to perform the normal activities of daily living without increased fatigue (Fletcher Thomas 2001). The research shows that up to more than fifty percent of hospital admissions are due to noncompliance with both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment regimes. Non-pharmacologic therapies include a no added salt diet, which constitutes about two three grams of salt per day. Patients should be instructed to avoid foods containing large amounts of sodium, such as highly processed foods, canned foods, and luncheon meats. A nutrition consult is helpful especially if patient is overweight. Some patients may need to have their daily fluid restricted to 1.5-2.0 liters per day. This is a clinical judgment based on signs of congestion, fluid over load and weight gain. Patients should be instructed to weigh themselves daily or every other day and record the data in a log, which should be taken to every visit with the clinician. A weight gain of two to three pounds should trigger a visit to the clinician. All patients with CCF should be encouraged to exercise to improve overall physical conditioning. The established standard for assessment of physical capacity is an exercise test, which provides objective data regarding exercise time, distance, peak workload, and oxygen consumption (Fletcher Thomas 2001). Washburn and Hornberger (2008) state that it is importance for nurses providing education to patients with heart failure to have an understanding of the drugs used in the management of heart failure. So patient should be taught the name of each drug and its purpose, dosage, frequency, and significant side effects. Patients should be advised to bring all prescriptive and non-prescriptive medications to office visits for review and assessment of patients understanding of them. Nursing diagnoses include interventions, rationale, and evaluations for two short term and two long term goals (use the nursing care plan template) In Mr. Toscana situation, excess fluid volume is the first nursing short term diagnosis as edema, dyspnoea on exertion, and weight gain. The expected outcome for Mr. Toscana is fluid balance. Fluid balance can be demonstrated as peripheral pulses palpable, peripheral edema not present, orthostatic hypotension not present, skin hydration, and body weight stable. To achieve this expected outcome, patient should be weighted daily and monitor trends to monitor fluid retention and weight reduction. Serum electrolyte levels and therapeutic effect of diuretic are monitored to assess as a response to treatment. In addition, respiratory pattern is monitored for symptoms of respiratory difficulty for early recognition of pulmonary congestion. Moreover, fluid balance is monitored by monitoring renal function and intake and output (Brown et al. 2008). The second short term nursing diagnosis is impaired gas exchange as manifested by increased respiratory rate, dyspnoea on exertion and Mr. Toscana states that he has had increasing shortness of breath over the last three days. The evaluation for this diagnosis expects patient breathe easily, dyspnoea with exertion not present, oxygen saturation and respiration rate are in normal range limit. Nursing interventions include respiratory monitoring, oxygen therapy, and positioning. To monitor respiratory, auscultative breath sound, noting areas of decreased or absent ventilation and presence of adventitious sounds, to assess congestion. Dyspnoea and events that improve worsen it are also monitored to detect events that can influence activities daily living. Oxygen therapy such as administer supplemental oxygen as ordered to maintain oxygen levels and change oxygen delivery device from mask to nasal prongs during meals as tolerated sustain oxygen levels while doing activities daily living (Brown et al. 2008). Besides short term diagnosis, Mr. Toscana may be faced with long term effecting due to congestive cardiac failure. Disturbed sleep pattern and deficient knowledge are considered as Mr. Toscana long term diagnosis. Disturbed sleep pattern related to nocturnal dyspnoes, unable to assume favored sleep position, nocturia and manifested by inability to sleep during the night. There are six interventions for this diagnosis. First, determine patients sleep or activity pattern to establish routine. Secondly, patient is encouraged to establish a bedtime routine to facilitate transition from wakefulness to sleep in order to establish a pattern and decrease number of waking periods. Thirdly, adjust environment to promote sleep. Fourthly, regulate environmental stimuli to maintain normal day-night cycles to help promote sleep cycle. Fifthly, adjust medication administration schedule to support patients sleep cycle. Lastly, monitor patients sleep pattern and number of sleep hours to determine hou rs of sleep. Expected outcomes of those nursing interventions are uninterrupted sleep, increase hours of sleep, feelings of rejuvenation after sleep, and vital sign in expected range (Brown et al. 2008). According to Brown et al. (2008) deficient knowledge related to disease process as Mr. Toscana states that he has had a fluid problem frequently come and gone for the last year. Patient expects to descript of disease process, descript of signs and symptoms of complications, and descript of precautions to prevent complications after been educated. Patients current level knowledge related to heart failure is assessed to demonstrate areas of teaching needed. Describe common signs and symptoms of heart failure so patient will know signs and symptom of worsening heart failure. Patient is instructed on measures to prevent or minimize side effects of treatment for the disease as patient may be able to decrease number of acute episodes of heart failure. Family member or significant others encourage to include in teaching to provide support for the patient. (Would like to see the N Diagnostic tests that will assist with the assessment and management of Mr. Toscana According to Christensen and Kockrow (2011) the most noninvasive diagnostic tool for evaluating a patient with heart failure is an echocardiogram. Echocardiography is done to determine valvular heart disease, presence of pericardial fluid, heart failure as the percentage of end diastolic blood volume ejected during systole, and ejection fraction. Secondly, a chest radiograph reveals pulmonary vascular congestion, pleural effusion, and cardiac enlargement. Thirdly, ECG reveals cardiac dysrhythmias. Moreover, pulmonary artery catheterization is done to assess right and left ventricular function. Exercise stress testing is also done to determine activity tolerance and severity of underlying ischemic cardiovascular disease. In addition, laboratory tests include electrolytes, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels will assist with the assessment and management of Mr. Toscana. Blood chemistry will reveal elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine resulting from decreased glomerular filtration; liver function values will be mildly elevated. BNP, a neurohormone secreted by the heart in response to expansion of ventricular volume and pressure over load, is useful in monitoring chronic heart failure (Christensen Kockrow 2011). Perform a risk assessment on the client drawing on the information provided (examples of risk assessment tools that would be appropriate) Firstly, since depression was a significant predictor of fatigue in congestive heart failure patients, fatigue patterns should be closely monitored. Congestive heart failure patients mood should be monitored for obvious disturbance, and if necessary, they should be referred to mental health or psychiatric practitioners for further assessment and proper treatment (Tang, Yu Yeh 2010). Secondly, according to Brown et al. (2008) nocturia is one of a risk assessment should be performed on Mr. Toscana. A person with chronic heart failure will have impaired renal perfusion and decreased urinary output during the day. However, when the person lies down at night, fluid movement from interstitial spaces back into the circulatory system is enhance. This cause increased renal blood flow and diuresis. The patient may complain of having to void six or seven times during the night. Thirdly, because the tissue capillary oxygen extraction is increased in a person with chronic heart failure, the skin may appear dusky. It may also be cool to the touch from diaphoresis. Often the lower extremities are shiny any swollen, with diminished or absent hair growth. Chronic swelling may result in pigment changes, causing the skin to appear brown or brawny in areas covering the ankles and lower legs (Brown et al. 2008). Discuss two of the medications Mr. Toscana is taking Lasix or Frusemide is one of high-ceiling (loop) diuretics medication. Action of this group is potent diuretics that inhibit sodium, potassium and chloride re-absorption in the proximal and distal renal convoluted tubules, but mainly in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, resulting in increased water excretion. Frusemide is effective within one hour by oral, peak one to two hours, and duration on six to eight hours (Tiziani 2006). According to Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (2010) one of indications of Frusemide is oedema associated with heart failure and it is reason why Mr. Toscana has been prescribed this medication. Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (2010) shows that non steroid anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce renal function and may reduce diuretic effect and increase risk of nephrotoxicity. However, low dose aspirin is unlikely to be a problem. The combination of loop diuretics and ACE inhibitors (Perindopril) may increase the risk of ACE inhibitor-induced renal impairment, so renal function should be monitored closely (Pharmaceutical Society of Australia 2010). The first adverse effect of Lasix is fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Secondly, hypovolaemia and dehydration should be considered. The third adverse effect is postural hypotension (Tiziani 2006). Christensen and Kockrow (2011) argue that when patient is prescribed loop diuretic such as Lasix, it should be administered in the morning to prevent nocturia. The second of nursing interventions is monitoring for electrolyte depletion. Thirdly, sulfa allergy is encouraged to consider. Perindopril (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) is indicated for heart failure due to Mr. Toscanas situation. ACE inhibitors block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and also inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin. They reduce the effects of angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction, sodium retention and aldosterone release. They also reduce the effect of angiotensin on sympathetic nervous activity and as a growth factor (Pharmaceutical Society of Australia 2010). Common adverse effects of ACE inhibitors are hypotension, cough, hyperkalaemia, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and renal impairment (Pharmaceutical Society of Australia 2010). Following Mr. Toscana case, the first nursing point or caution of Perindopril is nurses need to know that heart failure is usually treated with a diuretic and digoxin in associated with ACE inhibitor. Secondly, patient is advised that a low salt diet may be beneficial in reducing blood pressure. However, potassium containing salt substitutes are not recommended because of the increased risk of hyperkalaemia. Thirdly, for patient with congestive heart failure, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored before starting and regularly during therapy (Tiziani 2006). Congestive Cardiac Failure Case Study Congestive Cardiac Failure Case Study Congestive cardiac failure or congestive heart failure can be defined as the inability of the heart muscles to pump enough blood to all parts of the body, for example brain, liver and kidneys. Heart failure can develop slowly over time as the result of other conditions (such as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease) that weaken the heart. It can also occur suddenly as the result of damage to the heart muscle.(university of Maryland medical center 2014) Congestive heart failure affects several organs in our bodies and it includes, heart, kidneys, lungs, brain, liver, skin and spleen. Then organ systems that are affected are, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, circulatory system skeletal system, and urinary system A brief overview of the normal functioning of the affected body systems. one of the body systems that is affected with congestive heart failure is the cardiovascular system, this system consists of heart, blood vessels and blood. Its responsible for pumping blood through the body as well as oxygen, nutrient, hormones and cellular waste. It regulates blood pressure through the contraction of the heart pumping and also helps to maintain fluid balance within the body. The main function of respiratory system is to supply blood rich in oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases usually takes place in the alveoli and the capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale. The circulatory system has its main functions as to pump blood containing oxygen and other nutrients around the body. the system consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system, the circulatory system contains of two loops of circulatory, the pulmonary circulation which transports de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium and right ventricle to the lungs to pick up oxygen and nutrients and returns to the left side of the heart. The systemic circulatory which transports blood rich in oxygen from left side of the body and transports it all the body tissues. The circulatory system control the pressure of the blood as it travels through the body and taking away the wastes The urinary system consists of the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra. its main function is to filter metabolic wastes, excess ions, and chemicals from the blood to form urine. They also maintain the homeostasis of several important internal conditions by controlling the excretion of substances out of the body.through this it regulates the blood pressure. After the whole process of urine formation is completed the ureters carry urine to the urinary bladder and later discharged in the urethra. The nervous system consists of brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts. Neurons transmit information through electrical signals to the brain. chemical help to bridge gap between one neuron and the other. there are several signs and symptoms of heart failure and they are discussed here below: Shortness of breath. This is one of the signs and symptoms of heart failure, this happens due to the back up of blood in the pulmonary veins which leads fluid to leak and build up in the lungs because the heart cant keep up with the supply. Tiredness or fatigue. This happens because the heart cant keep up with the demand of supply of blood to all the body tissues so u feel tired because its being overworked. Edema. There build up of excess fluids in the body parts because the heart cant pump all the blood as a result there is the excess build up of fluids. there is slow cardiac output. Persistent coughing or wheezing due to the build up fluids in the lungs as a result of heart not pumping all the blood out of the lungs. Lack of appetite , nausea this occurs because there is less cardiac out as a result less blood reaches the digestive system which cause problems with the digestion process. Confusion. This is one of the symptoms and the reason behind is because there is less cardiac out the nutrients also is less and not enough for the body tissues, which will lead to less nutrients like sodium which will lead to someone having confusions and impaired thinking. Tachycardia. This is one of the signs and symptoms of heart failure. The increased heart rate is due to the heart pumping harder to meet the demands of supply of blood and nutrients to the rest of the body which is not enough.(American heart association 2014) sudden weight gain from fluid retention. Chest pain if the heart failure is caused by heart attack. Elevated blood pressure due to tachycardia as a result heart trying to pump more blood to other parts of the body. When critically analysing Mr wrights admission form it clearly indicates signs and symptoms of congestive cardiac failure. his circulation is not okay because he suffers from peripheral vascular disease which it can easily contribute to heart failure. secondly considering the loss of appetite which can be attributed to low blood supply to the digestive system. Checking his oxygen saturation levels which are low due to the heart failing to pump lots of blood out of the lungs which can lead to leak of fluids in the lungs. another sign is the confusion. Despite him having dementia but have low cardiac out supply to the rest of the body tissues can lead to confusion which is also a sign of heart failure. Well diabetes might be related to his leg ulcer considering the fact that patients who are diabetic at a certain stage they may have reduced sensation of the skin on there feet. They are nerve endings on the skin usually fails to detect any pain or sensation and as a result it can be a high risk of leg ulcer if the patient has a cut or blister on the feet it can easily develop to leg ulcer which can if its serious it may lead to amputation. for his case it might have played a role. In patients who are diabetic there might be poor circulation of blood to the feet which might be a contributing factor to his leg ulcer and finally the amputation of the left toe. Lasix (furosemide) is a diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt, allowing the salt to instead be passed in your urine(drug14).if you got excess fluids it helps to reduce them. it treats fluid retention in people with congestive heart failure, kidney problems and liver diseases. He is given the drug in order to get rid of the excess fluids retention. the systems affected by this drug re cardiovascular and urinary system. Conditions that are commonly associated with aging according to Mr wrights relevant medical history. Arthritis the inflammation of the joints, and creates pain and stiffness when moving these joints. Osteoarthritis is the most common in the elderly. when cartilage is damaged or worn out the bone rub on each other causing friction which causes pain when moving the joints. diabetes mostly type 2 which affects the older people though young people Can also develop it. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increase with age mostly over 55 years of age. Its where the pancreas produces insulin but its not sufficient enough to work effectively. Glaucoma is an eye diseases that results to blindness in the elderly especially over 80 years. Its a group of eye disease in which the optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly destroyed. Poor blood supply to the vital optic nerve can lead to glaucoma.(glaucoma2014) Factors that may impact his safety whilst in hospital and when he returns home. Checking through his admission history and assessment increased level of confusion can be one of the factors that can impact his safety. He fails to remember because the low blood supply and low oxygen levels in the body which fail to supply enough to the brain and as a result this will lead to increased levels of confusion. He may not remember why he is in hospital, he may forget to take his medications as prescribed the correct dose at the right time and this is likely to occur when he is at home. Mr. Wright is receiving meals on wheels while he is at home, because of his loss of appetite as a result of congestive heart failure he may not take his meals and he can be at a risk of being malnutrition, which will eventually lead to a high falls risk because he will not have the strength and energy to walk. From the assessment it seemed he cared for his dog and as a result of being hospitalised he his anxious about the dog which can lay an impact on his safety. He is not settled at all and it may increase risk of more complicated health problems considering he has congestive heart failure. he worries a lot about the dog wondering who is going to care for it yet he is not well. While he is at home because of the level of consciousness which at time deteriorate he might just forget to walk with the walking stick at all times and combine with the nutritional problems he might be of high falls risk. Because he got glaucoma this might also play a role considering his safety back at home which can have a huge impact on hi mobility. Other health professionals that can be involved in Mr Wrights can and what services they can provide Dietician because he is diabetic and has lost appetite, the dietician would assess and provide the best solution to help improve his appetite. Physiotherapist would also be involved in Mr wrights care to assesses the mobility levels and recommend the best way of care he needs as fur as mobility is concerned. he would check if he is a high or low falls risk and provide the best tool to aid mobility. Optometrist would also be involved in his care, he would assess the level of glaucoma and check if its worsening or getting better and the likely impacts it can have on his levels of mobility. From the medical history he has dysphagia the speech pathologist will be involved to assess his level of swallowing if the problem is worsening or it has improved and make necessary recommendations so that when he goes home the meals on wheels can supply him with the recommended type of food that he can tolerate. An occupational therapist would also be involved in his care he or she will come in handy to assess the hazard at home and all the id tools that he requires in order to reduce any risk of injuries occurring at home. For example He may assess and recommend commode at night to avoid the walking to the toilet at night in order to reduce the risk of falling. A social worker will also be involved in his care considering he is at home alone with his dog, he might need home visits where the social worker will check how he is coping in the community and assess if he is socially isolated or he gets involved in the society, if family and friends visit him at all. The nursing documentation expected to be used in the care of MR. Wright are as followed. Admission form and passed medical history form. medications chart nursing care plan. progress notes allied health chart, ECG charts, observation charts fluid balance chart and bowel chart. References University of Maryland Medical Center 2014 viewed 18th sept 2013 http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/heart-failure#ixzz3CXXtD2EZ Virtual medical center 2014 last reviewed 7th may 2010 respiratory system http://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/respiratory-system/ Cardiovascular system the inner body last viewed 2013 http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html Urinary system the inner body last viewed 2013, http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html#full-description Nervous system the inner body last viewed 2013 http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html#full-description American heart association (2014) warning-Signs-for-Heart-Failure last reviewed 20/8/2012 http://www.heart.org. Australia, Diabetes. (2014, January 6). Diabetes and Your Feet. Retrieved from Australia Diabetes: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Living-with-Diabetes/MindBody/DiabetesYour-Feet/ Drugs.com. (2014). Retrieved from Lasix: http://www.drugs.com/lasix.html Australian institute of health and well being (2013)osteoarthritis http://www.aihw.gov.au/osteoarthritis/ Gabrielle K, Kate S and Jodie H (2013)theory and practice Tabbners nursing care 6th edition. Glaucoma Australia (2014)Retrieved from Glaucoma http://www.glaucoma.org.au/what.html. The human heart circulatory system:(2014)retrieved from Franklin institute: http://learn.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/circulation.html

Causes Of The Phenomenon Children And Young People Essay

Causes Of The Phenomenon Children And Young People Essay The most important reasons of this phenomena are poverty, ignorance and poor living conditions, lack of adequate health care, in addition to housing in densely populated areas, It does not have the necessary services where children are forced and under these circumstances to escape to the street, where awaits them criminals who influence them direct their behavior and orientation and often delinquency and homelessness and begging and all that away from parental care and guidance, and the children who are leaving their villages to the cities in search of a living often find themselves vulnerable to delinquency and begging and homelessness due to the scarcity of jobs and lack of competencies educational and the absence of a designated work ,care and guidance Add to these factors prominently the emergence of the child in the family of disjointed decadent moral child who lives atmosphere family decadent whether caused by deviation father or mother must and it will be influenced by and pa y towards deviation and homelessness and begging and do not forget here the role of the school, which plays a key role in the proper direction and care, and also the media of books and magazines and radio and television affect children if its purpose is just profit only in exchange for pornographic images and propaganda rave and programs falling and downlink films that often influence children and lead them toward mimicry of delinquency .. Staggering statistics and other floating and innovative methods in begging and vagrancy invade the streets of Arab cities: Egypt considers the phenomenon of street children as a ticking time bomb waiting explode from time to time, indicates where the report of the General Authority for Child Protection that their numbers reached in 1999 to 2 million children and continues to increase, making them prone to adopt criminal behavior in the Egyptian society. The statistics General Directorate of Social Defense blame increase the size of misdemeanors related to exposure of street children to violate the law, and including exposure to homelessness by 16.5%, and begging by 13.9%, has been exacerbated begging uniformed worn by workers cleaning companies in Egypt, where not without street of months Egyptian streets or highways, especially in affluent suburb of dozens of these beggars who only several jobs they have on this outfit, in addition to a broomstick represents the role of cleaning the street, has joined them other numbers of beggars in various forms including: sharpening knives, and put medical dressings or carrying an elderly or disabled boy in a wheelchair! In Jordan, where showed statistically Ministry of Social Development of Jordan issued in 2006 that the number of beggars during the year 2006 amounted to (710) children; (424) male, (286) than females, have proven the existence of organized gangs responsible for the operation of child beggars, for example, was thrown arrested a gang owns bus gathering where beggars young, were seen bus during the distribution of these in different regions in Oman. Overall, 95% of whom almost working under the command of the gang their parents know that they are working these kind of jobs. In Iraq studies indicate special child protection that the phenomenon of homeless children has worsened in recent number increased after the events of the war, where numbered more than 100 thousand displaced children in Iraq, according to figures developed by some humanitarian organizations, and in Morocco has become a phenomenon of street children concern community Civil especially against Tnamea and the increasing number of street children in cities major Moroccan where he scored in the city of Casablanca alone in 2002 approximately 5300 children tramp, where most of these beggars are thus at traffic lights and parking lots and near restaurants. This situation is rapidly worsening stresses the urgency of finding solutions and processors of this phenomenon and must begin these solutions by knowing the reasons for the arrival of beggars young to the street and how to address them, and by creating legislation militant to reduce divorce and polygamy and what subsequent displacement events, as well as Find the hand for beggars young after the implementation of their judgments and in order to prevent their return to homelessness and begging, as well as licensing of associations of private and civil to turn towards beggars children and most of all cooperation with the Ministry of Education to reduce the phenomenon of school drop-out, as well as from the most important ways to address them media awareness campaigns in this area and that the allocation of television programs and radio host specialists for children beggars and vagrants to study this problem and find solutions to them, as well as holding educational sessions have indic ative nature, and research in how to fight begging to solve the problem of poverty and unemployment by adopting by adopting nations and Arab governments deliberate plans that will prohibit the deepening crises . Street children want the freedom from abuse by parents; nevertheless, their lives seem not so easy. They want working in some odd jobs; if they have no job, the steal to eat, and if they have extra money, they buy drugs. In general, street childrens lives are rather short. They are in bad health, because of their abuse of drugs, venereal disease. First, street child is a term used to describe those kids who live and work in streets. There are more street children around the world than the whole populations in Egypt and United States, there are currently 100 million children living on streets. In turn this sector population it is increasing through the years, because of the economic crisis, family disintegration. Wherefore they are more inclined to drugs, not only bringing troubles to the society, also problems to their health. When we talk about street children, we are talking about young people who face poverty, hunger, disease, violence and homelessness. We are talking about children who have resorted to all sorts of drugs because they think this is the only way they can remain happy under their difficult circumstances. These children that have been allowed to live on the streets are on a daily basis exposed to diseases of all sorts. We have seen some of these children on the streets a result of poor people since access to food is another problem for them. These children live in the street because they do not have anything to call a home.Street child are children between five and seventeen years old who live in parks, or light stop sign. In the same way they are deprived of family protection. Children on the street divide themselves into groups who can sell things to people and who can steal money from people car. The street kids do whatever they can to earn money. Whereas that more than 20 million of kids are living on the streets, we can see the, drugs as a normal activity in the streets. The reality begins talking about food, because they only eat what they find in the garbage or what they can steal. Likewise they steal money or drugs to forget hunger. Those kids do all of these activities in order to forget about street troubles, but they feel that these activities are necessarily to survive, so it makes them more inclined to drugs. In addition to that, Street child commit illegal in America. It means if a childs get in the street without any reason the police have to take them. That called breaking the law because its not legal to do it. Each child in America have chance to work and get more also they can learn in the school without any more. United states havedrug policy and Alcohol too. If the police saw any one who drink and child fewer than 18 they will take this child to the police station. But in Egypt child cant go to school without pay more for their books Because of the high cost of services many street children are unable to go to school .Even in countries where schools are free they are unable to buy books, uniforms and shoes that are required to attend., also they do not have any chance to work to get money. The money is an important factor in their lives that can determinate important things in their daily life like eating or not. Likewise, the drugs affect not only their thoughts but also affect their health. A street kid, they cannot imagine their daily live in the streets without using drugs. In the other hand the main problem is that most of types of substance consume by street kids are legal, so they can find it easily. The drug abuse is the worst problem for them and it brings them health problems. Those kids do all of these activities in order to forget about street troubles. Therefore, a lot of country have this problem too, The problem of street children in Vietnam, a country rapidly growing and integrating with the world, arises from the interaction of traditional causes such as the loss or divorce of parents and new causes such as economic incentive. We then propose a new typology of street children based on causes and situations. Causes are classified into broken family, mindset problem, and economic migration. Situations are divided into current protection and future investment. It is shown that the broken family group is most difficult to assist while the economic migration group often shows strong desire for study and better life. Since street children are not a homogenous group, intervention must also be diversified according to the needs of each type of children. Also, there is a lot of country that effected by street child such as; Russia consists of two million street children. Officially, the number of Russian children without supervision is more than 7 million. Also china the number of street children population continues to grow at 15 million and India is home to 4 million-8 million street children. The republic of India is the seventh largest populated country in the world. Due to the economic growth has appeared. Consequently, Vietnam is the country that has from 21 thousand in 2003 to 8 thousand in 2007 street child. Not just these countries had effected by the population of street children there are more and more had effected by this population. Which is going to affect all people life and future and countries future too? In a poor developing country, a child will have disabilities to learn how come he will learn without any money and when the children think about their future, they will find out that there are no work no future and they cant connect with their family too. Poor country gives children scary future. Moreover, Children who drop out of school due to the wrong attitude of the parents are less deprived, relatively speaking, in the current situation than the first group since their parents can look after them. They are relatively well fed and protected. It is rare to see them severely by street joining them. The biggest problem with this group, however, is the strong opposition of the parents when someone (teacher, social worker, or the children themselves) proposes an education for them. There are many causes of there being street children: Poverty, Neglect, Disease, War, Famine, Social, and Family Breakups. From another of perspective on the word causes, the causes they or others on their behalf fight for are the reasons that they become street children in the first instance and to provide ways out of their problems through things like providing shelter and education them with their families.so they find the way to get themselves freedom from home and school. Do whatever they want to do. The causes of children to the street can be divided into two main groups which we shall call broken family and mindset problem. First, children with extremely difficult family situations such as being abandoned as a result of the death. This is the traditional cause of street children which exists in any developing country with or without economic growth. Also the parents continue to take care of them. Children abandoned as a result of parents divorce have to undergo an even greater emotional shock. Being left with relatives or grandparents, such children are easily discouraged from study and lured by bad friends. Most of the street children who have left home because of domestic violence are spiritually and emotionally impaired. Second causes where the family enjoys relatively unbroken relations and an average or at least not so destitute standard of living but still sends children to work in the street due to the wrong attitude of the parents or the children themselves. Some children leave home because they are lured by friends or because they want to freedom instead of going to school. Seemingly exciting life in big cities and friends who already know the street life are the pulling force. For such children, earning money is not the main purpose. However, the mindset problem most often arises on the parent side. Some parents think that cash income is more important than childrens education. How we solve the problem for the street children with their home and family? For the children and their families, being on the street is not a problem. It is their solution to a number of problems. Crowded living conditions are a problem. A young lad, who shares a single-room with his mother and two grown-up sisters with children of their own, solves a problem by finding somewhere to sleep with his friends. He remains attached to his family and visits them regularly. He is integrated with them and does not need to be reintegrated. But it is better for him to sleep out than to stay at home. When he finds a group of friends with whom he can stay at night, his situation has improved. He becomes visible as a street child and part of our problem, but for him, being on the streets solves the problem of sharing an overcrowded room. For the families and the children, it is the solution to the problem of not having enough money to feed and clothe the children. Child can be a problem. If a child is forced to work all day for an adult who takes most of the childs earnings as sometimes happens with refugee children who are afraid .It may be a problem for children to have to do hours of manual at school, or to spend much of their day in misery learning useless and boring information. Somehow, we always accept child if it is enforced in the respectable environment of the school. But spending a few hours earning a bit of extra money for himself or the family can be quite fun. Sometimes the children have to adopt the tough culture of the streets. When they are with their friends from the street, they have to act and speak as if they enjoy street life. All children should have security. They should be able to play games and have fun. They should be improving themselves at school. Children should not have to earn their own living. They should be clean and wash regularly. They should be healthy, and get help immediately when they are sick. These we regard as the fundamental rights of children and street children appear to all of these rights. This is there life and they should enjoy it. What happen to todays street children when they grow older. Are they going to affect their countries or they are going to affect us. These children can grow up and constitute nuisance in the society. They will make governments project fail. They wont do these because they enjoy it, but because that is all they have grown to know and love. At the end, nothing will work because they will fight back because we had a chance to give them good lives but we failed to do it. All children should have security. They should be able to play games and have fun. They should be improving themselves at school. Children should not have to earn their own living. They should be clean and wash regularly. They should be healthy, and get help immediately when they are sick. These we regard as the fundamental rights of children and street children appear to all of these rights. This is there life and they should enjoy it. Lastly, street children problem always cause a lot of terrible to people who walk in the street and they cant be save from street child also this children they need a future to be better people and they can help their country. If we help these children they can help us in the future. For example if a child from the street get a good job in the future and he got a lot of money that give his country a better future and his family too and himself. He will be better than anyone who lives in the street. Inside of steal money from people and ate from the street , he can now eat a health food and get a good family that carry his name and his good future. Overall, streets children are poor and as a result they are untaught. As a result, they have bad food and unhealthy body system. The street children are kids who live and work in streets and homeless people. Furthermore, they use drugs as a way to forget about their harsh reality. Lastly, they steal money in order to get food and survive. Although, they can be educated children with the government help, but they got used to their life as a children streets.